Personalized+Study+Guide-aH

founding: 4 1861-1863: 1 civil war/reconstruction: 2 Marshall Plan (European wars): 1 Slave Labor: 3 RR: 1 Rock and Roll: 1 1960's protests:1 1920's:5 1970's: 1 19th century religion: 1 Unions: 1 war of 1812:1 1820's: 1 farming:1 Know-Nothing party: 1 late 1800's: 1

= =  Critical Period – 1776-1787 I. State Constitutions a. Kept some of old – provincial assemblies 1. Colonial self-government for 150 years 2. “their just powers from the consent of the governed” b. Methods – written constitutions 1. written by provincial assemblies 2. Mass. – town meetings, state conventions c. Format – dec. of independence + citizen rights + executive/legislative 1. weaken powers of governor 2. white males with property eligible to vote d. Anti-slavery 1. Dec. of Indep. Mentions slavery – South forced out 2. Mass. 1783 – slave sued “all men are created equal” – freed II. Continental Congress a. 1777 – Articles of Confederation – ratified in 1781 b. Until ratified – Continental Congress governed 1. Lost power as war progressed – most talented returned to state c. Succeses – army, navy, marines, appointed George Washington, supplied army d. Failure – financing war – taxes optional, money worthless “not worth a Continental” III. Articles of Confederation - failures a. States jealous of others/competitive – 9 of 13 states to pass b. Taxes voluntary c. Fear of strong executive – no one to enforce laws d. Individual trade agreements w/ foreign nations & states – nobody wants to trade with U.S. – fearful of stability e. Still left England in possession of frontier IV. Articles of Confederation – successes a. Precedent – something to work with b. Northwest Ordinance 1. land-locked states feared other states would get too big 1. Easily pay war debts – too much representation 2. Maryland refuses – leads protest 2. Virginia finally gives land claims to federal gov’t – others follow 3. Land could be sold to make money for fed gov’t 4. Add-A-State Plan – Northwest Ordinance 1787 1. Population + legislature + 60,000 men can + religious freedom c. Peace treaty with England V. Shay’s Rebellion – 1787 – debtors can’t pay and rebel – proved to wealthy that something must be done – catalyst for Constitutional Convention a. Post-war depression made life worse b. Jefferson – “a little rebellion every now and then is a good thing”

Making a Nation – 1788-1810

I. Constitutional Convention – 55 delegates meet in Philadelphia – Washington – Presid. A. Virginia Plan – large state plan – representation based on population B. New Jersey Plan – small state plan – every state receives equal rep 1. Great Compromise – House + Senate 2. Slaves = 3/5 of the population for House rep counting purposes C. Bill of Rights – citizens rights to prevent oppressive gov’t - 1791 D. Hesitancy to ratify – Anti-Federalists believe states should have more power – Federalists believe strong executive necessary 1. Federalist Papers convince New York/Virginia – Rhode Island last

II. Finalizing the Executive A. Judiciary Act – 1789 – created Supreme Court, federal and district courts B. Hamilton’s Plan – if gov’t benefits wealthy, they’ll invest in gov’t a. Assume all debt of states – Virginia already paid off debt – get D.C. b.  Debt good – more people owed, more have stake in success of gov’t c. Tariff taxes + duties on whiskey d. National Bank – Jefferson wanted states to control $, Hamilton wins i. First National Bank – 1791-1811 – Philadelphia C. Whiskey Rebellion – proves executive tough – sent in thousands to put down D. Alien and Sedition Acts – Adams oversteps power of president – punishes Democratic Republicans – Alien – 5-14 years, jail/Sedition – jail for libel a. Virginia/Kentucky Resolutions – states can ignore bad laws – sets states/federal gov’t conflict E. Strengthening Supreme Court – Marbury vs. Madison a. Supreme Court can say laws are unconstitutional – gives power

IV. Foreign Policy A. Barbary Pirates 1. Been paying bribes to Tripoli, African Barbary pirates to not steal stuff 2. sent Navy to Tripoli to fight pirates – finally got peace treaty – America values Navy B. Lousiana Purchase – wanted New Orleans, got all of Louisiana Territory 1. Napoleon couldn’t have American empire – lost in Haiti – Toussant L’Ouverture 2. Doubled size, 3 cents per acre 3. Created Constitutional Conflict – loose/strict interpretation a. Says nowhere in Constitution about buying land – Jefferson hypocrite? 4. Lewis and Clark explore – sets off wave off Westward movement 5. Increases nationalism – pride for U.S. 6. Federal gov’t power now shifting West – away from New England/Virg C. Monroe Doctrine – follows Washington’s Farewell 1. US stay out of Europe, Europe stays out of Americas – our sphere of influence

V. American System – Henry Clay’s idea federal gov’t pays for roads, canals, business A. Protects American business through high tariffs – 25% - buy US goods vs. better/cheaper European goods VI. Avoiding conflict – Missouri Compromise – draws slave line – keeps slavery in U.S.

Making a Nation – 1788-1810 I. Causes Foreign– France and England attacking American merchant ships/impressment A. French Revolution turns violent – Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans favor B. Washington stays out – Neutrality Proclamation 1793 – U.S. just beginning C. Jay’s Treaty – Britain won’t attack in future, but won’t pay for past attacks D. Washington’s Farewell Address – stay out of foreign alliances – policy for next 100 years E. Adams next president – XYZ Affair – American ambassadors not bribed F. Jefferson deals with France a. Embargo Act – don’t trade with anyone – totally fails/destroys econ. b. Nonintercourse Act – Trade w/ everyone but Britain/France c. Macon’s Bill No. 2 – Madison – trade again w/BritainFrance if… II. Causes Domestic A. British forts along frontier B. Helping Native Americans fight colonists moving west a. Wipe out Canada – Indians will have no home base/British support b. Tecumseh tries to unite Indians – big battle lost at Tippecanoe III. Federalists opposed to war A. Take Canada – a ton more farmers to join Democratic Republicans B. Hurting trade C. Supported Britain D. Later have Hartford Convention and threaten to have New England break away a. Signals end of Federalist Party – bad idea to talk of new country during wartime IV. Importance A. Peace Treaty changes nothing – status quo ante bellum – same as before B. Gives war hero – Andrew Jackson C. Gives national song – Star Spangled Banner D. Unites Americans against common enemy E. American beginnings of strong navy – USS Constitution – Old Ironsides

The Civil War I. The Union Homefront A. Mobilization and Finance 1. First conscription – can buy way out, Lincoln asks for more troops before Congress meets 2. Increased tariffs, income tax, sold bonds, printed currency “greenbacks” 3. War profiteers – industry/manufacturing make a lot of money – some corrupt B. Suspension of Civil Liberties/Ignoring the Constitution 1. Lincoln thought better to save United States than follow Constitution A. Blockade, increased army, $2 million to 3 men for army purchases – none of this in Constitution 2. Needs to keep border states A. Suspends habeus corpus – don’t tell why arrested B. “supervised” voting – colored ballots – march past armed guards C. Newspapers/editors influenced/pressured C. Election of 1864 – Republican Party becomes Union Party for a bit 1. “bayonet vote” – some soldiers return to vote - 49 times/others vote on front 2. Sherman captures Atlanta – gives boost to cause II. Southern Homefront – President Jefferson Davis declared martial law – suspended habeus corpus A. Confederate Constitution – can’t have strong fed. gov’t when some states still want to threaten secession B. Mobilization and Finance – must have conscription – leads to class conflict – poor serve 1. Tariffs hard to collect due to blockade – money made through bonds 2. Prints a lot of money with no value – extreme inflation III. Foreign Affairs/Diplomacy – must gain European support (South) keep Europe out (USA) A. Trent Affair – Union takes two diplomats off ship for Britain – looks bad B. Some Canadians working with South to bomb Northern cities C. Napoleon III takes opportunity to ignore Monroe Doctrine and take over Mexico IV. Military strategy – Mississippi River, Capitals, Blockade “Anaconda”, Attrition, Wait V. Ending Slavery – Confiscation Act – army seizes property of South – slaves A. Emancipation Proclamation – after Antietam – frees none – only in seceding states B. Freedmen’s Bureau – gov’t sponsored agency – goes South to educate blacks C. Thirteenth Amendment – frees slaves VI. Major effects – slavery banned, secession issue finally ended, industry can now expand A. Industry/North decides future path of nation – no longer aristocracy/agrarian B. Role of Central Government expanded 1. 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments – first amendments that don’t take power away 2. Taxation – printing currency – National Banking System 3. Standing army 4. Freedmen’s Bureau – American sponsored welfare program – precedent C. Labor Saving Devices – change occupations – move to petroleum/coal jobs 1. Labor moves West looking for jobs D. Women – took jobs of men – gov’t workers 1. Fighting – spies, impersonating men 2. Nurses – Clara Barton – starts Red Cross later 3. Raised money for cause – soldiers – organized bazaars/fairs/made goods to sell

Reconstruction – 1865-1877 I. Presidential Plans – tough to be successful with Radical Republicans demanding revenge A. Lincoln – if lived – impeached like Johnson or more sensitive to the South? 1. Believed South never legally withdrawn – 10% plan + create new state gov’t 2. Congressional fear that South would return to aristocracy and re-enslave blacks a. Wade-Davis Plan – 50% sign oath + emancipation guarantees 1. Lincoln pocket vetoes and allows states to choose either plan 3. Congress is a majority moderate Republicans with some Radical Republicans B. Johnson – surprised Congress – followed 10% plan and some states reentered 1. State constitutions only have to 1) repeal secession, 2) repudiate debts, 3) ratify 13th  2. Johnson pardoned many aristocrats  II. Congressional Reconstruction   A. December 1865 – Southern delegates arrive in D.C. – many of same Confederate leaders   1. Republicans outraged at seeing these elected Confederate aristocrats return   a. December 4, 1865 – Congress closes doors – fears too much Democrat power   1. Can’t be enemies one minute – peers the next   2. South actually has more power – more electors/Reps due to cancelled 3/5  3. If Southern Dems. Join with Northern Dems. – they control gov’t and can repeal laws passed during Civil War and re-enslave blacks   B. Pass through 14th Amendment – gives freedmen (former slaves) citizenship +   1. Any state that refuses black voting rights – loses reps   2. Former Confederate leaders can’t run for U.S. Congress   3. Repudiates Southern debts C. Andrew Johnson “Sir Veto” starts vetoing Radical Republican Congress laws 1. 1866 election vetoproofs Congress – they now have 2/3 to overrule D. Military Reconstruction – Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner – lead Radicals 1. 5 Military Districts run by Union General + 20,000 soldiers – Supreme Court allows 2. Blacks must be allowed to vote – 15th Amendment makes voting permanent 3. Because only forced on them, as soon as soldiers leave “white redeemers” return South III. Realities of Radical Reconstruction A. Benefits – Blacks in South AND North can now vote – Union League organized blacks 1. New Southern constitutions written 2. Black participation in Congress – 14 black Congressmen, 2 black senators 3. Improved Southern infrastructure – schools, public works, property rights for women IV. Impeachment of Johnson – Congress passes laws they know he will have to disobey A. Tenure of Office Act – Senate approval before any Presidential firings B. Johnson impeached after firing Secretary of War Stanton – he was spying for Radical Republ 1. Almost impeached, but luckily Senate didn’t because 1) replacement bad 2) would hurt country, 3) Johnson said he’d stop vetoing V. Overall Assessment of Reconstruction   A. Theory – failed because North cared about helping Republican Party and free slaves quickly   B. Fails because most Northerners stop caring   C. Fails -US beliefs in personal property, self-govt, state control conflict with Reconstruction   D. Opinions – North wronged South through Reconstruction – just as bad as Civil War  1. or…Noble attempt to give equal rights to slaves – blacks received unprecedented freedoms initially  VI. Reconstruction ends - Hayes-Tilden corrupt election 1876 – Hayes wins but agrees to pull out troops