My+Personalized+Study+Guide

Life In The Colonies:

Colonial Society in the Mid-Eighteenth Century
I. Social Structure/Family Life A. South – gap wide between rich and poor – hierarchy of wealth and status 1. Planter aristocracy w/ slaves mimicking feudalism of Europe 2. However, these planters were hardworking, involved in day-to-day affairs 3. Few cities – poor transportation 4. Women more powerful – men die leaving property to widows a. Weaker gender – see Eve’s failure b. Divorce rare – courts could order you to reunite B. North– not as much disease due to weather, reproduction high – fertile people/not soil 1. Early marriage = high birth rates, several mothers – death during childbirth a. Habits of obedience, strong links to grandparents b. Women’s role not as powerful – no property rights II. Farm and Town Life A. Towns in New England united – geography/fear of Indians force close relations 1. Puritanism makes unity important 2. More than 50 families in town requires education 3. Puritans ran churches democratically – led to democratic government 4. New England way of life – climate, bad soil, Puritanism made people touch, self-reliant a. Seasons led to diversified agriculture and industry to survive b. Dense forests led to shipbuilding c. Not diverse at first – immigrants not attracted B. Southern settlement random by independent individual

III. Immigration – melting pot from the beginning A. Germans – left for war, religion, bad economy – settle in Pennsylvania – not pro-British B. Scotts-Irish – Scottish kicked out of Ireland because not Catholic – settled in mountains 1. Lawless, individualistic – lived in Appalachian hills – whickey making 2. Not wanted by Germans or New Englanders – forced to hills C. Other groups embraced – French, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss D. Largest immigrant group – slaves

IV. Economy – triangle trade in South – natural resources to England > weapons/textiles to Africa >slaves to Indies/South > sugar to America > England A. Economy – Agriculture #1 but, putting out system at home – manufacturing/lumbering B. South – staple crops of indigo, rice, tobacco

V. Great Awakening – people swaying from the lord – God all powerful – must return to church A. Started by Jonathan Edwards – Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” B. Powerful, angry, animated speaking spread across colonies – United colonies ***

VI. Education – New England – colleges for lawyers, priests – theology and dead languages A. Independent thinking not encouraged – discipline severe – stuck in the classics

VII. Colonial Folkways – life not romantic, pretty boring A. Food pretty high protein, homes poorly made B. pleasure came from working together – quilting, raising barn, painting, funerals, weddings C. Lotteries, horse racing, holidays celebrated, but not Christmas in New England

War of 1812**

Making a Nation – 1788-1810

I. Causes Foreign– France and England attacking American merchant ships/impressment A. French Revolution turns violent – Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans favor B. Washington stays out – Neutrality Proclamation 1793 – U.S. just beginning C. Jay’s Treaty – Britain won’t attack in future, but won’t pay for past attacks D. Washington’s Farewell Address – stay out of foreign alliances – policy for next 100 years E. Adams next president – XYZ Affair – American ambassadors not bribed F. Jefferson deals with France a. Embargo Act – don’t trade with anyone – totally fails/destroys econ. b. Nonintercourse Act – Trade w/ everyone but Britain/France c. Macon’s Bill No. 2 – Madison – trade again w/BritainFrance if…

II. Causes Domestic A. British forts along frontier B. Helping Native Americans fight colonists moving west a. Wipe out Canada – Indians will have no home base/British support b. Tecumseh tries to unite Indians – big battle lost at Tippecanoe

III. Federalists opposed to war A. Take Canada – a ton more farmers to join Democratic Republicans B. Hurting trade C. Supported Britain D. Later have Hartford Convention and threaten to have New England break away a. Signals end of Federalist Party – bad idea to talk of new country during wartime

IV. Importance A. Peace Treaty changes nothing – status quo ante bellum – same as before B. Gives war hero – Andrew Jackson C. Gives national song – Star Spangled Banner D. Unites Americans against common enemy E. American beginnings of strong navy – USS Constitution – Old Ironsides

Reconstruction – 1865-1877 I. Presidential Plans – tough to be successful with Radical Republicans demanding revenge A. Lincoln – if lived – impeached like Johnson or more sensitive to the South? 1. Believed South never legally withdrawn – 10% plan + create new state gov’t 2. Congressional fear that South would return to aristocracy and re-enslave blacks a. Wade-Davis Plan – 50% sign oath + emancipation guarantees 1. Lincoln pocket vetoes and allows states to choose either plan 3. Congress is a majority moderate Republicans with some Radical Republicans B. Johnson – surprised Congress – followed 10% plan and some states reentered 1. State constitutions only have to 1) repeal secession, 2) repudiate debts, 3) ratify 13th 2. Johnson pardoned many aristocrats

II. Congressional Reconstruction A. December 1865 – Southern delegates arrive in D.C. – many of same Confederate leaders 1. Republicans outraged at seeing these elected Confederate aristocrats return a. December 4, 1865 – Congress closes doors – fears too much Democrat power 1. Can’t be enemies one minute – peers the next 2. South actually has more power – more electors/Reps due to cancelled 3/5 3. If Southern Dems. Join with Northern Dems. – they control gov’t and can repeal laws passed during Civil War and re-enslave blacks B. Pass through 14th Amendment – gives freedmen (former slaves) citizenship + 1. Any state that refuses black voting rights – loses reps 2. Former Confederate leaders can’t run for U.S. Congress 3. Repudiates Southern debts C. Andrew Johnson “Sir Veto” starts vetoing Radical Republican Congress laws 1. 1866 election vetoproofs Congress – they now have 2/3 to overrule D. Military Reconstruction – Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner – lead Radicals 1. 5 Military Districts run by Union General + 20,000 soldiers – Supreme Court allows 2. Blacks must be allowed to vote – 15th Amendment makes voting permanent 3. Because only forced on them, as soon as soldiers leave “white redeemers” return South

III. Realities of Radical Reconstruction A. Benefits – Blacks in South AND North can now vote – Union League organized blacks 1. New Southern constitutions written 2. Black participation in Congress – 14 black Congressmen, 2 black senators 3. Improved Southern infrastructure – schools, public works, property rights for women

IV. Impeachment of Johnson – Congress passes laws they know he will have to disobey A. Tenure of Office Act – Senate approval before any Presidential firings B. Johnson impeached after firing Secretary of War Stanton – he was spying for Radical Republ 1. Almost impeached, but luckily Senate didn’t because 1) replacement bad 2) would hurt country, 3) Johnson said he’d stop vetoing

V. Overall Assessment of Reconstruction A. Theory – failed because North cared about helping Republican Party and free slaves quickly B. Fails because most Northerners stop caring C. Fails -US beliefs in personal property, self-govt, state control conflict with Reconstruction D. Opinions – North wronged South through Reconstruction – just as bad as Civil War 1. or…Noble attempt to give equal rights to slaves – blacks received unprecedented freedoms initially VI. Reconstruction ends - Hayes-Tilden corrupt election 1876 – Hayes wins but agrees to pull out troops

Reconstruction – 1865-1877 I. Presidential Plans – tough to be successful with Radical Republicans demanding revenge A. Lincoln – if lived – impeached like Johnson or more sensitive to the South? 1. Believed South never legally withdrawn – 10% plan + create new state gov’t 2. Congressional fear that South would return to aristocracy and re-enslave blacks a. Wade-Davis Plan – 50% sign oath + emancipation guarantees 1. Lincoln pocket vetoes and allows states to choose either plan 3. Congress is a majority moderate Republicans with some Radical Republicans B. Johnson – surprised Congress – followed 10% plan and some states reentered 1. State constitutions only have to 1) repeal secession, 2) repudiate debts, 3) ratify 13th 2. Johnson pardoned many aristocrats

II. Congressional Reconstruction A. December 1865 – Southern delegates arrive in D.C. – many of same Confederate leaders 1. Republicans outraged at seeing these elected Confederate aristocrats return a. December 4, 1865 – Congress closes doors – fears too much Democrat power 1. Can’t be enemies one minute – peers the next 2. South actually has more power – more electors/Reps due to cancelled 3/5 3. If Southern Dems. Join with Northern Dems. – they control gov’t and can repeal laws passed during Civil War and re-enslave blacks B. Pass through 14th Amendment – gives freedmen (former slaves) citizenship + 1. Any state that refuses black voting rights – loses reps 2. Former Confederate leaders can’t run for U.S. Congress 3. Repudiates Southern debts C. Andrew Johnson “Sir Veto” starts vetoing Radical Republican Congress laws 1. 1866 election vetoproofs Congress – they now have 2/3 to overrule D. Military Reconstruction – Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner – lead Radicals 1. 5 Military Districts run by Union General + 20,000 soldiers – Supreme Court allows 2. Blacks must be allowed to vote – 15th Amendment makes voting permanent 3. Because only forced on them, as soon as soldiers leave “white redeemers” return South

III. Realities of Radical Reconstruction A. Benefits – Blacks in South AND North can now vote – Union League organized blacks 1. New Southern constitutions written 2. Black participation in Congress – 14 black Congressmen, 2 black senators 3. Improved Southern infrastructure – schools, public works, property rights for women

IV. Impeachment of Johnson – Congress passes laws they know he will have to disobey A. Tenure of Office Act – Senate approval before any Presidential firings B. Johnson impeached after firing Secretary of War Stanton – he was spying for Radical Republ 1. Almost impeached, but luckily Senate didn’t because 1) replacement bad 2) would hurt country, 3) Johnson said he’d stop vetoing

V. Overall Assessment of Reconstruction A. Theory – failed because North cared about helping Republican Party and free slaves quickly B. Fails because most Northerners stop caring C. Fails -US beliefs in personal property, self-govt, state control conflict with Reconstruction D. Opinions – North wronged South through Reconstruction – just as bad as Civil War 1. or…Noble attempt to give equal rights to slaves – blacks received unprecedented freedoms initially VI. Reconstruction ends - Hayes-Tilden corrupt election 1876 – Hayes wins but agrees to pull out troops

The Progressive Era** I. Definition – the middle class feels those above are abusing the system and those below are becoming a Socialist threat – must have government become an “agency of human welfare” II. Progressive Roots A. Jane Addams – Hull House – starts Settlement House movement 1. Neighborhood activities, counseling, childcare, education for the poor B. Protestant Clergymen – “Social Gospel” – “Christian Socialists” – God says must help society C. Greenback Labor Party 1870s and Populists 1890s – demanded social help D. Nation becoming frustrated with monopolies E. Prided individualism to justify inaction no longer makes sense in machine age F. //How the Other Half Lives// – Jacob Riis – shows life of poor

III. Muckrakers – publishers make money off exposing ills of society – term given by Teddy Roosevelt A. Magazines – McClures, Cosmopolitan, Colliers 1. Lincoln Steffens – //Shame of the Cities// – business and cities have corrupt alliance 2. Ida Tarbell – //Standard Oil Company// – how monopolistic practices destroy small companies

IV. Municipal, State, National Reform – how to solve problem that elected officials who make laws are corrupt A. Initiative – propose laws, Referendum – people vote on laws, Recall – chance to remove bad officials B. Laws to limit election, political gifts C. Direct election of Senators to avoid “Millionaire’s Club” D. Public commissioner and city manager – outside position to regulate how city is being run E. Stop monopolies at city level – stop selling of streetcars and utilities to private companies

V. Social Problems A. Try to stop prostitution – force police to enforce laws B. Safety, sanitation and child labor laws 1. Prompted by Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911 – women trapped in factory and die C. Temperance/Prohibition of Alcohol – some states and counties passing “dry laws” 1. Alcohol blamed for crime, unemployment, prostitution, wasting of wages, hurts family D. Women’s Suffrage – western states pass first – Suffragettes still seen as women who want to be men E. Blacks – WEB Dubois demands immediate equality – NAACP pushes for laws 1. Booker T. Washington work with system – get educated in manual labor 2. Marcus Garvey – preaches black solidarity – “back to Africa” movement – black pride

VI. Progressive Presidents A. Theodore Roosevelt – a “Square Deal” for all Americans – 3 C’s 1. Control of Corporations – sides with strikers in 1902 coal strike – a first a. Trustbuster – 1st railroad then others – brings 44 indictments – goes to Supreme Court 2. Consumer Protection – after Upton Sinclair’s – //The Jungle// - Meat Inspection Act a. Pure, Food and Drug Act – can’t change or alter goods or labels on goods 3. Conservation of Natural Resources – saves America’s forests a. Newlands Act – sell land and with money pay for irrigation b. Saved 125 million acres of forest – actually implemented National Parks law c. More efficiently balanced corporate interests with those of nature – Sierra Club 4. Set precedents – social reform, used publicity to increase presidential power B. Taft – bigger trustbuster than Roosevelt – 90 indictments vs. 44 1. Ballinger-Pinchot controversy – Ballinger selling public land, Pinchot complains then fired 2. Payne-Aldrich Tariff – actually signs bill that increases tariffs on most items – angers support C. Wilson’s New Freedom – assault on “the triple wall of privilege” – tariff, banks, trust 1. Tariffs – Underwood Tariff Bill – pressured reps. to pass, graduated income tax revenue 2. Banking – Federal Reserve Act 1913 – 12 regional banks run by gov’t - $ now easily increased 3. Anti-Trust Act of 1914 – Clayton Anti-Trust Act – allows for labor protests – tries to control sneaky tricks of trusts – one man runs 4-5 different companies – controls costs

[] **First Two-Party System: Federalists v. Republicans, 1780s - 1801 Federalists** || ** Republicans 1. Favored strong central government. 2. "Loose" interpretation of the Constitution. 3. Encouragement of commerce and manufacturing. 4. Strongest in Northeast. 5. Favored close ties with Britain. 6. Emphasized order and stability. ||  1. Emphasized states' rights. 2. "Strict" interpretation of the Constitution. 3. Preference for agriculture and rural life. 4. Strength in South and West. 5. Foreign policy sympathized with France. 6. Stressed civil liberties and trust in the people || [In practice, these generalizations were often blurred and sometimes contradicted.]
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//**United States **** History **// > 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas – divides world between Portugal and Spain - Headright System – land for population – people spread out ·  Virginia begins representative assembly – House of Burgesses - Mayflower Compact signed – agreed rule by majority ·  1624 – New York founded by Dutch - Gov. Winthrop - Bi-cameral legislature, schools ·  Harvard College is founded - limited trade, put tax on items - first uprising against British ·  1682: Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn. – Quaker – 1st library – center of thought
 * __ The __****__ (un) __****__ Official __**
 * Cram Packet **
 * This is not intended as a substitute for regular study ……. But it is a **__powerful__** tool for review.
 * 1497: John Cabot lands in North America.
 * 1513: Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain.
 * 1524: Verrazano explores North American Coast.
 * 1539-1542: Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River Valley.
 * 1540-1542: Coronado explores what will be the Southwestern United States.
 * 1565: Spanish found the city of St. Augustine in Florida.
 * 1579: Sir Francis Drake explores the coast of California.
 * 1584 – 1587: Roanoke – the lost colony
 * 1607: British establish Jamestown Colony – bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold
 * 1608: French establish colony at Quebec.
 * 1609: United Provinces establish claims in North America.
 * 1614: Tobacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. – by Rolfe
 * 1619: First African slaves brought to British America.
 * 1620: Plymouth Colony is founded.
 * 1629: Mass. Bay founded – “City Upon a Hill”
 * 1630: The Puritan Migration
 * 1632: Maryland – for profit – proprietorship
 * 1634 – Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony
 * 1635: Connecticut founded
 * 1636: Rhode Island is founded – by Roger Williams
 * 1638 – Delaware founded – 1st church, 1st school
 * 1649 – Maryland Toleration Act – for Christains – latter repealed
 * 1650-1696: [[file:///J:/ap/Navigation.html|The Navigation Acts are enacted by Parliament.]]
 * 1660 – Half Way Covenant – get people back into church – erosion of Puritanism
 * 1670: Charles II grants charter for Carolina colonies – Restoration Colony
 * 1672: Blue Laws: Connecticut – death codes for disagreeing with parents or bible
 * 1676: Bacons Rebellion – Virginia – Bacon wants frontier protection from royal Gov. Berkeley – put down

|| __North__ Set up laws / codes Brought families Less land = closeness Social and economic mobility Puritan work ethic Better relations with Indians || =__South__= Dependent on crop – kills land Less urbanized Poorer communication, transportation Indian problems Slower defense ||

·  1686: Dominion of New England – royal Gov. Andros – attempt to unify Northern colonies to curb independence – - Suspended liberties – town meetings - Failed – Andros left ·  1689-1713: King William's War (The War of the League of Augsburg). - John Locke, Adam Smith, Rousseau || =__Colony Characteristics__= Bi-cameral legislature White, male, landowners vote Town meetings No British Troops Mobocracy to oppose authority Legislature – governor is puppet Courts / law Small, Balanced, Elected No standing armies
 * 1692: [[file:///J:/ap/Salem.html|The Salem Witchcraft Trials.]]
 * 1696: Parliamentary Act.
 * 1699-1750: Restrictions on colonial manufacturing.
 * 1700’s – Enlightenment – reason, natural rights, diesm (god made universe but doesn’t control it)

Bonomi – awakening was a contest between Enlightenment and Pietism Butler – Awakening didn’t occur – not united, different congregations, no structure > 1720 – 1740: Great Awakening – George Whitefield, Edwards, Gibbens – threatning - salvation for all, extreme piety, Divine Spirit ·  Molasses Act – import tax on molasses, sugar, rum – to curb trade with French West Indies – not strictly enforced - Over Ohio River Valley – trade / settlement - French build forts – Fort Duquesne – and are friendly with the Indians - English Gov. Dunwittie has stock in Ohio Land Company – sends George Washington to expel the French - British declare war ·  1754 – Albany Plan of Union - for defense – fails and shows disunity of colonies || =__Colonies Reject__= Taxation by colony, crown, and colonial gov. Southern stated don’t want to participate in Northern wars Representation based on hom much money each colony gives British should be responsible for protection President not elected Colonies make own laws Colonies have own protection Colonies have right to declare war ||
 * 1702-1713: Queen Anne's War (War of the Spanish Succession).
 * || =__Historiography__=
 * 1733: Georgia Colony is founded. – buffer state
 * 1735: Zenger Trial – victory for freedom of the press – truth is not libel
 * 1740-1748: King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession).
 * 1754-1763: The French and Indian War
 * =__Crown’s Rejection__=

·  Paxton Boys Rebellion – dissatisfied about frontier protection in PA  · Side Note: Admiralty Courts – royal courts that were paid for convictions. - Colonists oppose || Proclamation of 1763 restricts settlement west of the Appalachians ·  Pontiac’s Rebellion – tribes organize against British movement ·  SALUTORY NEGLECT ENDS - cut Molasses Act in half - objection – 1st direct tax – “No taxation without representation” ·  Currency Acts – prevents printing of colonial money - colonists don’t want standing army - Sons of Liberty enforce non-importation ·  Stamp Act Congress – Protests Stamp Act - We buy only from England, and deserve equal privileges ·  1766: Quartering Act – colonies must support troops - colonies react by non-importation, Samuel Adams Circular letter - Governor of Mass suspends legislature ·  Golden Hill Massacre in NY  ·   Gaspee Incident – British ship burned – attempted to collect taxes ·  Boston Tea Party – dump tea into sea ·  Boston Port Act – closes ports ·  Massachusetts Government Act – no town meetings, no trial by jury, military rule, Quartering Act ·  Quebec Act – Quebec added to Ohio River Valley - Britain supports people in Quebec Catholic, don’t have trial by jury, no election ·  The First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia || =__First Continental Congress__= Moderate – don’t want to split from England Demand rights of Englishmen Joseph Galloway – //Plan of Union// – council with delegates from colonies, president by Crown – rejected Declaration of Rights and Resolves – reject Intolerable Acts, ultimatum – no trade Establish Continental Association to enforce .  ·   The Second Continental Congress convenes. || =__Second Continental Congress__= More radical Issued “Declaration of Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms” Appoint George Washington as commander Olive Branch Petition – last attempt to reconcile- rejected
 * 1761 – writs of assistance – search warrents to enforce Navigation acts – James Otis opposes
 * 1763: [[file:///J:/ap/TreatyParis.html|Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War]] - French loose all territory
 * 1764: The Sugar – to raise revenue – England in debt
 * 1765: The Stamp Act – tax on printed materials to “keep troops in colonies”
 * 1767: The Townshend Acts – tax lead, paint, paper, glass, tea
 * 1770: [[file:///J:/ap/BostonMassacre.html|The Boston Massacre]].
 * 1772: Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence.
 * 1773: [[file:///J:/ap/TeaParty.html|The Tea Act  ]]- reduces price to tea – gives England a monopoly
 * 1774: The Intolerable Acts – to punish Boston
 * 1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord

|| =__For Independence__= Military advantages Loss of natural rights trial by jury, taxation without representation, quartering, charters, no assembly Limited currency Fighting for home rule British government impractical Best time to unite No military Laws were broken – we are being punished Democracy hasn’t worked before No certain foreign support Consequences of losing Not unified Taxation for protection ||
 * 1776: R.H. Lee’s Resolution – “should be independent states”
 * =__Against Independence__=

·  Thomas Paine's //Common Sense// ·  Battles of Long Island and Trenton ·  Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation - Dickinson || =__Articles of Confederation__= Independent, free, sovereign states Union for defense Have same duties and restrictions Delegates appointed annually Each state one vote Freedom of speech and debate Individual states can’t enter into alliances Can’t wage war without consent with foreign states Money in treasury depends on value of land Can’t enter alliance or hold treaties without Can’t control trade consent of congress
 * 1776: American Declaration of Independence
 * 1777: Battle of Saratoga – turning point in Revolution

·  Vermont ends slavery. -   Historiography Bancroft – quest for liberty Beer, Andrews, Gipson – constitutional issues Charles Beard – economic – conflict of classes Boorestine – preserve traditional rights Bailyn – Intillectual Revolution Nash – social revolution – break barriers || Independence recognized - Granted fishing rights - Loyalist restitution of property - Britain withdraws from forts (Not really) - Free Navigation of Mississippi over territory ·  Treaty of Hopewell - ends hostilities with Cherokee currency, farmers poor - want Mass. Government to print more money - rebellion put down by donations – Articles of Confederation fails- no army ·  Annapolis Convention – agreement between states - fails || =__Constitution__= I. House of Representatives – sole power to impeach, bill for revenue Senate – try impeachments Congress – tax, excese, duties, commerce regulation, declare war, raise army II. Executive – commander, make treaties with consent, appoint judges III. Supreme Court – original jurisdication IV. Protection against invasion, domestic and foreign V. 2/3 of both houses to amend constitution
 * 1778: Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France – sends navy and army
 * 1779: Spain declares war on England.
 * 1781: British surrender at Yorktown - Cornwallis looses
 * 1783: Treaty of Peace is signed – violated – Articles of Confederation weak
 * 1785: Land Ordinance of 1785. – government responsible
 * 1786: Shay's Rebellion – depression, no market, no hard
 * 1787: Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. – to revise Articles.

·  Great Compromise – bi-cameral legislature (equality in Senate, popular in House) ·  3/5 Compromise ·  No importation of slaves after 1808 · ·

W A S H I N G T O N

1789 1796 || Northwest Ordinance – prohibits slavery in west, provides for states to be admitted on equal status * 1789: George Washington is inaugurated first President. ·  Judiciary Act – establish courts beneath Supreme Court ·  French Revolution – don’t help France || = ||
 * 1791: The Bill of Rights is ratified

I. Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly II. Right to keep and bear arms III. No quartering without consent IV. Against search and seizure V. Not subjected to same offense twice, be deprived of life, liberty, or property VI. Right to speedy trial VII. Guaranteed trial by jury VIII. No excessive bail, fines or cruel and unusual punishment IX. Rights not confined to what is written X. Powers not delegated to U.S. are reserved to states || ·  First Bank of the United States is established ·  Hamilton’s Program – debt is good, tie interests of rich, promote home manufacturing, alliance with Britain || =__Hamilton__= People checked by elite Strong central government National debt British government is model Executive in for life Weak state government Government run by people Central government too oppressive and expensive British government corrupt Executive not perpetual Against standing army ||
 * __Bill of Rights__=
 * =__Jefferson__=

during peace time – Britain will leave forts (Not really) and will allow US to trade in Asia ·  Pinckney’s Treaty – with Spain – free navigation of Mississippi River, right of deposit in New Orleans. A D A M S 1796 1800 > 1796: John Adams (Federalist) elected ; Jefferson (Rep) VP  ·   XYZ Affair: France attacks Am. Ships and makes unreasonable demands – no money, no war ·  1798-1799: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – gave states right to nullify if unconstitutional – anti-Alien and Sedition Acts ·  Logan Act – citizen can’t represent government - George Logan attempts to negotiate with France ·   J E F F E R S O N
 * 1793: Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin.
 * 1794: The Whiskey Rebellion – poor farmers don’t want to pay excise tax – Wash. uses troops to put down
 * 1795: Jay Treaty - with Britain – US will not trade with ports opened during war time that were closed.
 * 1796: Washington's Farewell Address – strong central government and foreign neutrality
 * 1798: Alien and Sedition Acts – illegal to publish anything against government or president
 * 1799: Fries Uprising – oppose federal tax on property – put down
 * 1800: Convention of 1800 – Hamilton negotiate with France, we pay to Am. attacked by France

1800 1808 || Thomas Jefferson elected – government changes to Democratic-Republican* 1803: Louisiana Purchase – Federalists oppose – establish loose construction of the Constitution ·  //Marbury vs. Madison -// Supreme Court declares parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 – Supreme Court could declare law unconstitutional and powers of Court only given in Constitution ·  12th Amendment – separate ballots for President and Vice President ·  Essex Junto – Federalist organization in New England attempts to seceed ·  US ship //Leopard// sunk by Br. for refusal to be searched ·  Embargo Act – stop exports – no war, no impressment – Federalist object to cut off trade M A D I S O N
 * 1804: New Jersey ends slavery.
 * 1804-1806: Lewis and Clark Expedition.
 * 1805: Tipoli war ends – defeat of Barbary pirates
 * 1807: Robert Fulton builds his first steamboat.

1808 1816 > 1808: African Slave Trade ends. ·  Battle of Tippecanoe: Harrison defeats Indian Tecumseh who made alliance with Indians for defense
 * 1809: Nonintercourse Act – resumes trade with all but France and Britain
 * 1810: //Fletcher vs. Pack// - action of state can be declared unconstitutional
 * 1811: Charter for Bank of U.S. rejected

> 1812-1814: The War of 1812 – to protest trade, stop impressment, protect mercantilism - War Hawks – want Canada to join - Federalist against war ·  Era of Good Feelings begins ·  Hartford Convention – Federalists against War of 1812 and mercantile practices of Madison ·   M O N R O E
 * 1814: Treaty of Ghent – ends war with a status-quo
 * 1816: 2nd Bank of U.S. created

1816 1824 || 1st protective tariff ·  American Colonization Society founded – to relocate free blacks to Liberia ·  Election of Madison (Rep) vs. King (Fed) ·  Henry Clay’s American System – federally founded domestic improvements and protective tariff ·  Rush- Bagot Disarmament – between US and Br. – to get fishing rights ·  Panic of 1817 – land speculation, banks can’t pay loans of Bank of US = bank runs ·  //McCulloch vs. Maryland// – Enforced constitutionality of 2nd Bank of US and “the power to tax is the power to destroy” ·  //Dartmouth// //College// //vs//. //Woodward-// Broad interpretation of contract Missouri ·  Land Act – reduce price of land – encourage development ·  Treaty with Russia – get everything under 54 parallel A D A M S 1824 1828 > 1824: Election John Quincy Adams (Rep) defeats Andrew Jackson (Rep), Clay (Rep) - Jacksons “Corrupt Bargain” ·  //Gibbons vs. Ogden// – interstate trade controlled by fed. courts ·  //South Carolina// //Exposition and Protest// – by Calhoun – reaffirms right of state to nullify ·  Election of 1828: Jackson promises to limit executive power, internal improvements, lower debt J A C K S O N
 * 1817 – Veto of Bonus Bill by Madison – Bonus bill for domestic improvements
 * 1818: Convention of 1818 – enforcement of fishing rights – N. Louisiana boundary at 49 parallel
 * 1819: Transcontinental Treaty - Get Florida from Spain – Jackson invades, remove Spanish threat
 * 1820: Missouri Compromise – Main admitted as free state and Missouri a slave state but no slavery north
 * 1822: Cumberland Road Bill – to build road – Monroe vetoes
 * 1823: [[file:///J:/ap/MonDoc.html|Monroe Doctrine declared]] – No future colonization of this hemisphere
 * 1825: The Erie Canal is opened.
 * 1826: Panama Conference (PAN American) - Congress doesn’t send ambassador to avoid slavery issue
 * 1828: Tariff of Abominations – protective – South opposes

1828 1836 > 1828: Removes appointies – trusts friends – “kitchen cabinet” ·  Webster (nationalist) – Hayne (states rights) Debates – began over Tariff of Abominations Parton – Jackson wanted to dominate Turner – Jackson triumph of democracy and representation of people – universal manhood suffrage and two party system Hammond – Jackson contributes to panic 0f37 by dismanteling bank Temin – panic and depression inevitable – caused by bank > 1830s: The Second Great Awakening. ·  Nat Turner Rebellion ·  Cyrus McCormick invents the reaper. ·  Force Bill – allows president to do what is necessary to enforce tariff ·  //Ordinance of Nullification –// South Carolina nullifies tariff – Clay negociates and reduces tariff ·  Veto of Bank of U.S. re-charter ·  Department of Indian affairs established ·  Seminole War with Indians begins ·  //Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia// – Federal government has control, not Georgia ·  Agreement with Britain to open West Indies ports V A N
 * 1829: Maysville Road Bill Veto – only within Kentucky
 * || =__Historiography__=
 * 1830: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad begins operation.
 * 1831: //The Liberator// begins publication. – abolitionist become vocal
 * 1831-1838: The Trail of Tears--Southern Indians are removed to Oklahoma.
 * 1832 – Tariff of 1832 – raises tariffs again – Calhoun resigns
 * 1833: Roger Taney removes federal funds from Bank of U.S. by order – thinks bank is unconstitutional
 * 1835-1836: Texas War for Independence – “Lone Star Republic”

B U R E N 1836 1840 > 1836: The Gag Rule ·  Specie Circular – western land must be paid by hard currency ·  Election of 1836 – Harrison (Whig) defeated by Van Buren (Democrat) ·  Oberlin College enrolls its first women students. ·  //Charles// //Bridge// //vs. Warren Bridge-// only strict interpretation of contract ·  Panic of 1837 – in part due to Jackson’s withdrawal of funds from Bank of U.S. - Van Buren does nothing ·  Election of 1840 – Harrison (Whig) defeats Van Buren - Harrison catches pneumonia and dies, VP John Tyler becomes president || = || T Y L E R
 * 1837: US recognizes the Republic of Texas.
 * 1938 – 1839: Aroostook “War” – bloodless – boundary dispute between Maine and New Brunswick
 * 1840: Independent Treasury System – constructs vaults to hold federal money

1840 1844 Jackson, Calhoun, Van Buren, Benton “Republicans” Against monopolies and privilege Decrease tariff For state rights || =__Whigs__= Clay, Webster, John Quincy Adams, Harrison “Federalists” For national power; Bank of US Increase in tariffs Internal Improvements ||
 * __Democrats__=

·  Tyler vetoes re-charter of Bank of U.S.  ·   Preemption Bill – to distribute money from sale of western lands to states – bill defeated ·  Dorr Rebellion: Rhode Island – rebellion against land qualifications for voting – Tyler puts down ·  1839: Webster – Ashburton Treaty – ends boundary dispute P O L K
 * 1841: Independent Treasury Act Repealed
 * 1842: Tariff Bill – raised tariffs back to 1832 status
 * 1843: Oregon Trail - migration

1844 1848 > 1844: Election of 1844 –Polk (Dem) defeats Clay (Whig) and Birney (Liberty – anti-slavery) ·  Annexation of Texas Rio-Grande / Neuces River - Three part plan to take over Mexico – decide against ·  Slidell Mission –Slidell sent to negotiate – rejected by Mexico ·  1846,1847: Wilmont Provisto – no slavery in new states formed from Mexican land – rejected ·  54” 40’ or Fight – Get Oregon below 49th parallel ·  Reestablish Independent Treasury System – vaults ·  Walker Tariff Bill – lowered tariff ·  Obtain Oregon below 49 parallel - Get territory of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming ·  Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in California. ·   T F A I Y L L L O M R O R E 1848 1852 || – headed by Mott and Stanton ·  Election of 1848 – Taylor (Whig) defeats Cass (Dem. – father of pop. sovereignty) and Van Buren(Free-Soil – abolitionists) – Taylor dies (1850) – Milard Fillmore VP - California free state - Other areas – popular sovereignty - US takes Texas debts - Slave trade banned in Washington - Fugitive Slave Law strengthened ·  Clayton – Bulwer Treaty – U.S. and Britain agree to neutrality of a canal in Central America ·   P I E R C E
 * 1845: Taxes annexation Bill – by Tyler – permits admission of Texas and Florida
 * 1846: Elias Howe invents the sewing machine.
 * 1846-1848: Mexican-American War- Gen. Taylor provokes Mexicans by moving into disputed
 * 1847 – Polk Doctrine – resurrection of Monroe Doctrine concerning admitting new states into union
 * 1848: Trist Mission – Trists negotiates Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo
 * 1850: Clay’s Compromise of 1850 – passes as separate acts during Fillmore – but violated
 * 1852: Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan to US trade.

1852 1856 || Election of 1852: Pierce (Dem) defeats Scott (Whig)* 1853: Gadsden Purchase – buy land from Mexico to build RR ·   //Uncle Tom’s Cabin ­//- Stowe determined by popular sovereignty – North fears overturn of Missouri Compromise ·  New England Emigrant Aid Society – into Kensas / Nebraska territory ·  1854-1859 – Bleeding Kansas – Topeka (Free Soilers) government vs. LeCompton (slavery) gov.  ·   Ostend Manifesto – by Buchanan to take Cuba – rejected ·  Walker expedition – Walker raises army, takes Nicaragua, Pierce recognizes new government ·  Pottawatomie Massacre: John Brown kills four pro-slavery people ·   B U C H A N A N
 * 1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act - passed to create two states for a RR to go to west – slavery in states
 * 1856: Lawrence Mob Violency: abolitionist materials burned

1856 1860 || Election of 1856: Buchanan (Dem) defeats Fremont (Rep –Free Soil) and Fillmore (Know Nothings)* 1857: The Dred Scott decision. - slaves are property to be taken anywhere – allows for slavery in North - Missouri Compromise unconstitutional ·  LeCompton Constitution rejected ·  Panic of 1857 – depression – Buchanan does nothing ·  Free Port Doctrine – Dred Scott decision has to be enforced – if not popular sovereignty rules ·  “A House Divided” against itself can’t stand – Lincoln’s speech - Lincoln not abolitionst || = ||
 * 1858 – Lincoln – Douglas Debates – on extension of slavery into new territories
 * 1859 – John Brown’s Raid – Harpers Ferry to free slaves
 * 1860: Crittenden Compromise – last attempt at amendment against barring slavery below 36’ 30 line - fails
 * 1860: Election of 1850 – Lincoln (Rep) defeats Douglas (Dem)

L I N C O L N

1860 1865 North violates rights – doesn’t enforce fugitive laws History – right to abolish a destructive government Money from treasury goes for Northern interests Government for the north Gov. taking away property No majority – rights taken away || =__Against Seccession__= Not truly free and independent state Agreed to follow majority Gave up rights to join union “form a more perfect union” Contract among people not states ||
 * __For Seccession__=

Sibly – slavery overemphasized as cause for Civil War – more sectional differences Holt – slavery cause political struggle >  ·  1860: South Carolina secedes. ·  Beginning of Industrial Revolution – “Guilded Age” fires first shot ·  “Necessity Knows no Law” – Lincoln increases army, navy, 1st income tax, green backs, no freedom of press or speech, Villandigham (Copperhead – Peace Dem) jailed ·  Confederacy established – Davis – President; Stephens - VP || =__Confederate Constitution__= No protective tariffs No federal funded improvements States could impeach federal officers States supreme Slavery protected 2/3 of house to appropriate money (Problem)
 * || =__Historiography__=
 * 1861: The Civil War begins at Fort Sumter – Beauregard (S)

·   Woodward – South unique, different, agric. Goven – sectional differences exaggerated Beringer – Confederacy defeated because of loss of will – poor leadership, defeat McPherson – defeat inevitable, internal divisions, Northern superiority Morison – War fought for moral issues Schlesinger – slavery couldn’t be peacefully abolished || //Ex Parte Marryman// – Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and passes martial law in Maryland – Taney says only Congress can Suspend habeas corpus ·  Bull Run – South wins – Civil War becomes long ·  Homestead Act – 1862 – gov. land grants for agricultural college ·  Banking Acts (1863, 1864) – establish federally charted banks ·  Draft Riot - NY  ·   The Emancipation Proclamation. ·  Battle of Gettysburg – turning point ·  Lincoln announces "10 Percent Plan." – lenient plan – must plan allegiance to US ·   Wade – Davis Bill: South divided into military units until majority pledges allegiance and bans slavery ·  Wade - Davis Manifesto: Congress controls Reconstruction ·   Stamp – Reconstruction successful – economic consolidation, democracy, Amendments ratified Foner – failed to secure rights for blacks, corruption and fractionalism || Pullman Car and Refrigerated Car invented ·  Sand Creek Massacre – Chivington attacks defenseless Indian village
 * 1861 – Kansas admitted as a free state
 * =__Historiography__=
 * 1862: Pacific RR Act – partially fed. funded – gave land for RR
 * 1863: Battle at Antietam
 * 1864: Election of 1864 – Lincoln (Rep) defeats McClellan (Dem)
 * =__Historiography__=

> 1865: Civil War Ends – Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, VA ·   1865: Freedman's Bureau is established – education and food ·  Lincoln is assassinated – Andrew Johnson becomes president ·  Johnson’s amnesty plan – pardons almost all Confederates ·  Thirteenth Amendment – abolishes slavery J O H N S O N

1865 1868 > 1866: //Ex Parte Milligan –// Military courts can’t try civilians when civil courts are open ·   Civil Rights Act is passed over Johnson's veto – gave blacks equal rights ·  National Labor Union formed – short lived – attempted political involvement (womens rights, temperance, 8hr day, cooperatives) ·  Fetterman Massacre – troops killed ·  Grange – organization formed by Kelly for social and educational reform for the farmer – Farmers face deflation, debt, drought, depression ·  Reconstruction Acts – divide South into 5 military units, protect black voting, est. new constitutions - declared unconstitutional – Congress can’t take away powers of Pres. ·  14th Amendment – All persons born/ naturalized within US are citizens – equal protection ·  Ku Klux Klan begins. ·  Washita River – Custer destroys Cheyenne village ·
 * 1867: Alaska Purchased.
 * 1868: Tenure of Office Act – Pres. Can’t remove any appointed official without Senate consent

G R A N T

1868 1876 || Carnegie Steel Company is formed. ·  Election of 1868: Grant (Rep) defeats Seymore (Dem) ·  Knights of Labor formed - secret ·  Force Acts - to protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14th and 15th Amendments ·   Tipple – Robber Barons – threatened traditional beliefs, destruction of competition Chandler – entrepreneurs were hard working and innovative Arnold – anti-trust acts preserved competition McGraw – regulation inefficient || Standard Oil Company is formed.* 1872: Credit Mobilier Scandal – stock holders of RR construction company overcharge gov. for job ·  Election 1872: Grant re-elected obligation to protect basic rights concerning monopolies ·  Farmers Alliances – anti-RR pools, rebates, pass Granger laws ·  Pearl Harbor acquired. ·  //U.S.// //vs. Reese//- allows voting qualifications – literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause ·  Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. ·   H A Y E S 1876 1880 || Election 1876: Hayes (Rep) defeats Tilden (Dem)* 1877: //Munn vs. Illinois// – If in interest of public good, than states can regulate prices reasonably ·   – Hays becomes president, troops withdraw from South ·  Bland – Allison Act – coined a limited number of silver ·  Treaty of 1878 – get rights to Pago- Pago, Samoa ·  Knights of Labor go public – Pres. Powderly – no strike stand – both skilled and unskilled –too diverse A R T H U R 1881 1884
 * 1869: Transcontinental RR completed from Union Pacific and Central Pacific
 * 1870: Fifteenth Ammendment is ratified – right to vote can’t be determined by race, color, etc.
 * =__Historiography__=
 * 1873: //Slaughterhouse Cases// – 14th Am doesn’t place fed gov’t under
 * 1874: Red River Wars – last attempt to resist reservationis
 * 1875: Civil Rights Act – gave blacks equal rights
 * 1876: Battle of Little Bighorn. – Custer killed
 * 1878: //Hall vs. DeCuir// – allowed segregation
 * 1879: Thomas Edison invents the electric light.

> 1880’s Dust Bowl begins ·  Helen Hunt Jackson writes //A Century of Dishonor// ·  European Restriction Act ·   Civil Rights Cases: allowed individual discrimination ·  More Jim Crow laws passed C L E V E L A N D 1884 1888
 * 1880: Election of 1880: Garfield (Rep) defeats Hancock (Dem); Garfield dies – V.P. Chester Arthur
 * 1881: Tuskeegee Institute is founded.
 * 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act
 * 1883: Brooklyn Bridge is completed.

> 1884: Election of 1884: Cleveland (Dem) defeats Blaine (Rep) ·   Laurie – labor radical – want gov’t regulation, public ownership Degler – labor reactionary – preserving against capitalism, had anti-socialistic ideals || Interstate Commerce Act – regulate RR and private businesses ·  Haymarket Incident – 1886 – peaceful turned violent – people think unions are radical haul practices ·  American Protective Association – Anti-Catholic ·  Dawes Severalty Act – government break up land individually – break up farms - failed ·   H A R R I S O N
 * 1886: The American Federation of Labor is founded by Gompers – for skilled only (no women/ blacks) – dealt only with labor – used strikes
 * =__Historiography__=
 * 1887: Interstate Commerce Commission - forbid long haul / short
 * 1888: Election of 1888- Harrison (Rep) defeats Cleveland (Dem)
 * 1889: Jane Addams founds Hull House

1888 1892 || Berlin Conference – US, Britain and Germany agree to joint protection of Samoa – doesn’t work ·  1st Pan American Conference – trade agreement ·  Bering Sea Controversy – over seals ·   The Sherman Antitrust Act. – “Trusts in restraint of trade are illegal” ·  1890-1900: Blacks are deprived of the vote in the South. ·  Wounded Knee – Indians revolt to outlawing the sacred ghost dance – Last Indian war ·  Sherman Silver Purchase Act – gov’t buys silver but doesn’t coin – curb inflation ·  McKinley Tariff Act – raises tariffs ·  Miners strike - Idaho ·   Goodwyn – populist are democratic Activists - reactionary Hicks – populists are rational people reacting to harsh laissez-faire Hofstadter – anti-intillectuals fighting for lost cause – class vs. class – radical Turner – West has been a major impact on American policies since beginning || General Electric Company formed. ·  Populist Omaha Platform – 8hr work day, nationalization of RR, inflation, coinage of silver, anti-rich capitalist, decrease tariff ·  Election of 1892: Cleveland (Rep) defeats Harrison (Dem) and C L E V L A N D
 * 1890: North American Women's Suffrage Association is founded.
 * 1892: The Homestead Strike –at Carnegie Steel – Pinkerton guards and troops put down strike
 * =__Historiography__=

1892 1896 || Weaver (Populist)* 1893: Depression ·  Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed – devalued gold fires workers – Am Railway Union strikes ·  Coxey’s Army marches on Wash. for unemployment relief manufacturing and commerce – manufacturing doesn’t fall under anti – Trust Act ·  //Pollack vs. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co. ­//– income tax is unconstitutional ·  //In reDebs// – strikes are a restraint of trade under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act ·  Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise Speech – both races must accept and help each other – blacks have to earn rights ·   M C K I N L E Y
 * 1894: The Pullman strike – Pullman Co. controls prices but
 * 1895: //U.S.// //vs. E. C. Kight Company.// – difference between
 * 1896: [[file:///J:/ap/PlessyFerguson.html|Plessy vs. Ferguson]] – “Separate but Equal”

1896 1900 || Election of 1896: McKinley (Rep) defeats Bryan (Dem) ·  //Cross of Gold Speech// by Bryan ·   Beards – Imperialism due to economic reason – trade threatened Bemis – US land hungry Pratt – white man’s burden || //Maine// explodes – “Remember the Maine” ·  DeLome Letter – criticizes McKinley ·  //Williams vs. Miss.// Upheld literacy test ·  Get Hawaii ·  Peace of Paris: Gives Cuba Independence and US gets Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam
 * 1897: Dingley Tariff – raises tax on duties
 * 1898: Spanish American War – because of election year and yellow journalism (Pulitzer and Hearst)
 * =__Historiography__=

> 1899: Samoa divided between US and Germany ·  Teller Amendment – gave Cuba freedom ·  Open Door Notes – Hay – agree to territorial integrity of China ·  Gold Standard Act – gold standard unit of value ·  Progressive Era – cure corruption, anti-monopolies, temperance, help immigrants and labor, building codes, public utilities ·   R O O S E V E L T
 * 1900: National Negro Business League founded by Booker T. Washington

1900 1908 || Boxer Rebellion – Chinese nationalist rebel – foreign nations unite to put down rebellion* 1901: US Steel Corporation formed. ·  Platt Amendment – gave US a base in Cuba and permission for troops to intervene and consent to treaties ·  //Insular Cases// – Constitution does not follow the flag ·  Hay-Herran Treaty – for Panama canal – rejected by Columbia ·  Hay – Buena Varilla Treaty – gives US land in Panama ·  Elkins Act – dealt with RR rebates – part of “Square Deal” ·  The National Child Labor Committee is formed. ·  Roosevelt Corollary: addition to Monroe Doctrine – made US a police force - Take over Dominican customs duty - Arbitrates in Venezuela dispute with Germany ·  Gentleman’s Agreement – Japanese can return to school – if Japan limits immigration ·  T. Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth of Russo-Japanese War – receives Nobel Peace Prize ·  Hepburn Act - strengthened the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission ·  Pure Food and Drug Act - Established Food and Drug Administration ·  Bank Panic T A F T 1908 1912 > 1908: //Muller vs. Oregon// – limited number of hours for women ·  Root-Takahira Agreement – Japan will honor Open Door Notes ·  Taft begins implementation of Dollar Diplomacy (Haiti, Nicaragua) ·  Payne-Aldrich Tariff – lowered tariffs W I L S O N
 * 1902 – Coal Strike
 * 1903: Department of Commerce and Labor created
 * 1904: Panama Canal Zone acquired.
 * 1905: Industrial Workers of the World is formed.
 * 1906: Upton Sinclair writes //The Jungle// – meat packing reform – resulted in Meat Inspection Act
 * 1907: Drago Doctrine – Invest in Latin America at own risk
 * 1909: NAACP is founded.
 * Ballinger - Pinchot Controversy – Ballinger, Sec. of Interior, dismissed – charged with not following nation;s conservation policy
 * 1911: //Standard Oil Co. vs. US// – court determines what’s a reasonable trust – Standard Oil Co. broken up

1912 1920 > 1913: The Sixteenth Amendment – authorized income taxes ·  The Seventeenth Amendment – direct popular election of Senate ·  Underwood Tariff – lowered duties ·  Federal Reserve Act – created federal reserve system ·  The Clayton Antitrust Act – amendment to Sherman Anti-Trust Act – strengthed anti-monopolistic reform ·  Federal Trade Bill. ·  United States invades Veracruz in Mexico – US soldiers arrested ·  troops sent to Haiti ·  troops sent to Dominican Republic ·  War Industries Board – coordinate production and mobilize – headed by Beruch ·  Food Administration – headed by Hoover -
 * 1914: The Federal Trade Commission is established.
 * 1915: [[file:///J:/ap/Lusitania.html|The USS Lusitania is sunk by a German submarin e]]
 * 1916: Adamson Act – allowed government to take over RR - administered by McAdoo

W I L S O N

1912 1920 || Leiver Act – set prices for agricultural products ·  Fuel Administration – headed by Garfield – control fuel prices ·  Great Migration – blacks move from South to North – causes race riots – Harlem Renaissance – Garvey back to Africa movement ·  Creel Committee: Public Info. – spread propaganda – formed Liberty Leagues || =__For War__= Submarine warfare Destroying trade Violating rights Espionage and sabotage Zimmerman Note Keep balance of power Make world safe for democracy “He Kept Us Out of War” Only benefit the wealthy British violated our rights too Germany tried to avoid Lousitania Propaganda ||
 * 1917: US enters WWI
 * =__Against War__=

·   Armistice Day ·  Treaty of Versailles – Germany accepts full blame, demilitarize Rhineland, Ger. Looses all colonies || =__Important Points__= Open covenants Freedom of seas and trade Disarmament Rebuilding of Belgium Form Poland *League of Nations
 * 1918: National War Labor Board – Under Taft – prevented strikes
 * 1918: [[file:///J:/ap/14Points.html|Wilson's Fourteen Points]].

·  Espionage and Sedition Act.- suppress criticism, can’t interfere with draft Kennan – Wilson an impractical idealist Trask – Wilson had realistic war goals that coordinated with larger diplomatic aims > 1919: The Palmer Raids. ·  //Shenck vs. US// – “clear and present danger” – open opposition to war will undermine war effort ·  //Abrahms vs//.//US// – upheld Sedition Act ·  American Protective League – pro-war activists, prosecuted and censored ·  Senate rejects Versailles Treaty and League of Nations - Ireconcilables – Borah – disagree with Article X = involvement in foreign affairs -  Barnham – prohibition works – aimed at saloons, gambling, corruption, and prostition. || Reservationist – Lodge – accept treaty if Article X is clarified – only Congress can commit troops ·  Eighteenth Amendment is ratified prohibiting alcoholic beverages. ·  Race riots - Chicago ·  Volstead Act – enforced 18th Amendment ·  Women vote 1st time ·  KDKA – 1st radio station ·   H A R D I N G 1920 1923 || Sinclair Lewis writes //Main Street// ·  First Commercial radio broadcast. ·  Revenue Act – decreases taxes ·  Washington Disarmament Conference – limit naval arms ·  Post War Depression ·  Immigration Act – restricts immigration ·  Fordney McCumber Tariff – high increase in duties ·  Harding dies
 * || =__Historiography__=
 * =__Historiography__=
 * 1920: Nineteenth Amendment grants Womens Sufferage.
 * 1921: [[file:///J:/ap/Sanger.html|Margaret Sanger founds the American Birth Control League.]]
 * 1922: Sinclair Lewis writes //Babbit//
 * 1923: Teapot Dome Scandal – Sec. of Interior Fall sells oil reserves to private industry

> 1924: McNary – Haugen Bill – vetoed – help farmers by buying surplus ·  Dawes Plan – helped Germany with reparation – provided loan ·   C O O L I D G E 1923 1928 || Peak of KKK* 1925: The Scopes "Monkey" Trial. ·  //Great Gatsby// by Fitzgerald ·  //The New Negro// by Locke ·  Immigration Law ·  Sacoo and Vanzitte executed ·  “The Jazz Singer” – 1st talkie
 * 1926: //Weary Blues// by Hughes
 * 1927: Charles Lindbergh flies from New York to Paris solo.

H O O V E R

1928 1932 > 1929: Kellog – Briand Pact: Peace alliance ·  The Great Stock Market crash || =__ Causes of Crash__= Durable goods Profits increase; wages stay same Easy credit Federal Reserve does nothing Overproduction Speculation and margin buying Debt

·  Agricultural Market Act – establish Federal Farm Board – assistance to farmers ·  Tax Cut ·  Young Plan – reduced reparation payments, no longer involved in German economy ·  London Naval Treaty – decrease number of ships ·  Federal Home Loan Bank Act – assist with morgages ·  Public Works Project ·  The Reconstruction Finance Corporation – part of trickle down economics – lent money to banks ·  Bonus Army – marches on DC to receive veterans bonus – Hoover sends in troops ·  Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President.
 * 1930: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff – high protective tariff
 * 1931: Japan invades Manchuria
 * 1932: Stimpson Doctrine

R O O S E V E L T

1932 1945 > 1933: New Deal begins ·  WPA – Works Progress Administration – employed artists, writers, photographers ·  CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps ·  NIRA- National Industrial Recovery Act – sets up NRA – business men make codes for min wages, hr.  ·   Glass Stegall Banking Act – kept us on gold standard – and created FDIC – against bank runs ·  SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission – watched market prices ·  AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Association – paid farmers not to overproduce ·  TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority – bring electricity – competes with private industry ·  CWA – Civil Works Administration ·  NYA – National Youth Administration ·  HOLC – Home Owners Loan Corp.  ·   “Good Neighbor” Policy – Repudiated Roosevelt Corollary ·  Japan and Germany withdraw from League of Nations ·  20th Amendment –Presidential term starts on Jan. 20 ·  Indian Reorganization Act - restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. ·  Share the Wealth society founded by Huey Long – called for distribution of wealth ·  Wagner Act: set up National Labor Relations Board ·  Fair Labor Standard Act – set min. wage and hours ·  CIO – Congress of Industrial Organization – labor union for skilled and semi-skilled ·  Social Security Acts – provided benefits to old and unemployed ·
 * 1934: NYE Investigation: determines cause of WWI
 * 1935: //Schechter Poultry Corporation vs. US// – NRA unconstitutional – put legislative power under executive administration

R O O S E V E L T

1932 1945 || Revenue Act – 1935 – tax the wealthy ·  1st Neutrality Act – stop selling munitions to belligerents – Am. can’t travel on belligerent ships ·  2nd London Conference on disarmament ·  2nd Neutrality Act – no lending money to belligerent nations ·  Quarantine Speech – isolate belligerent nations ·  Panay Incident- Japanese bomb Am. ship – U.S demands only apologies and reparations ·  Japan moves into East China – US does nothing || =__For New Deal__= Regulation of federal institutions Benefits to labor Help unemployed Restored confidance Socialistic program Unconstitutional Deficit spending Gov’t competes with Private industry Monopolistic Worthless – creates dependency ||
 * 1936: //Butler// //vs. US// - AAA unconstitutional – put taxes on processing
 * 1937: 3rd Neutrality Act: Cash n’ Carry (pay for it and transport it yourself) – doesn’t apply to Latin America and China
 * 1938: End of New Deal Reforms.
 * =__Anti - New Deal__=

·  Destroyers for Bases Deal ·  Smith Act – finger printing of aliens ·  Lend Lease - lend materials for war ·   US enters WWII. ·  Relocation Camps for Japanese ·  Revenue Act of 1942 - effort to increase tax revenues to cover the cost of WWII ·  Detroit race riots - government does nothing ·  Casablanca Conference - FDR and Churchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies ·  Cairo Conference - conference of the Allied leaders to seek Japan's unconditional surrender. ·  Tehran Conference - FDR, Stalin, Churchill to discuss strategy against Germany ·  D-Day – July 6, 1944 ·  Battle of Bulge – Last German offensive ·  Okinawa - deadly military campaign on Pacific island ·  US joins the United Nations ·  Nationwide strikes due to inflation – OPA disbanded ·
 * John Steinback’s //Grapes of Wrath//
 * 1940: Selective Service – peace time draft
 * 1941: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
 * 1942: Congress of Racial Equality – prevent segregation and discrimination
 * 1943: Office of Price Administration – seals prices, rations food
 * 1944: GI Bill - benefits for veterans – money for education, mortgage – creates middle class
 * 1945: Yalta Conference – Allies meet to decide on final war plans

T R U M A N

1945 1952 || A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ·   Germany and Japan surrender ending World War II  ·   Roosevelt dies – Truman VP  ·   Potsdam Conference - Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet in Germany to set up zones ·  Employment Act – goal to have full employment ·  Atomic Energy Act – establish Atomic Energy Commission – develop better bombs ·  President’s commission on Civil Rights – advocate rights ·  Philippines get independence ·  Churchill's "Iron Curton" speech in response to Russian aggression. ·  Taft –Hartley Act – 80 cooling period not to strike – labor leaders must sign Non-Communist oath ·   Truman Doctrine – financial commitment to nations fighting Communism ·  Federal Employee Loyalty Program – anti-communistic oaths ·  National Security Act – created CIA ·  Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier ·  Truman desegregates armed forces ·  Berlin Blockade - Berlin Airlift ·  OAS – Alliance of North America and South America ·   Kelly – conflict between USSR and US inevitable – different values, structure Paterson – US more powerful – attempt to dominate makes conflict inevitable || Alger Hiss Case – convicted of purgery ·  Nuremberg trials ·  Communistic Victory in China ·  Russia’s 1st A-Bomb ·  Department of Defense created ·  West and East Germany created ·  Fair Deal: most don’t pass; Housing Act (construction increases); minimum wage increases ·  Orwell, //Ninteen Eighty-Four// ·  McCarren Internal Security Act – illegal to contribute to Communism ·  McCarthyism – fear of communism wide spread ·  National Security Council Memo 68 – beginning of massive defense spending ·  //Denis vs. United States - upheld Smith Act under “clear and present danger clause” // ·  //Catcher in the Rye// – Salinger ·  US – Japanese Treaty – bases in Japan ·  ANZUS – Australia, New Zealand, and US ally ·  MacArthur fired by Truman – invades China
 * 1946: Kennan containment – prevent spread of communism
 * 1947: The Marshall Plan – economic aid to Europe after WWII
 * 1948: Election of 1848- Truman defeats Dewey and Thurman(DixiCrat)
 * =__Historiography__=
 * 1949:NATO formed
 * 1950: Korean War begins – enter because of containment
 * 1951: 22nd Amendment – President can only serve 2 terms or 10 years
 * 1952: Election of 1952: Eisenhower (Will end war) vs. Stevenson

E I S E N H O W E R

1952 1960 > 1953: Rosenbergs executed ·  terminate reservations for N.A.   ·   Armistice in Korea – 38th parallel ·  Shah of Iran returns to power in coup – to keep Iran from going Communistic ·  Krushchev in control of Russia ·  //Brown vs. Board of Education// – overturns //Plessy vs. Furguson// decision ·  SEATO – alliance Turkey, US, Iraq, and Iran ·  Fall of Dien Bien Phu – French loose in Vietnam ·  Geneva Conference – reduction of nuclear weapons, divide Vietnam along 17th parallel – elections in a year ·  Mao bombs Taiwan – Eisenhower threatens to send troops in and the A-bomb - brinkmanship ·  China bombs Taiwan – Eisenhower sends in troops – China backs off ·  AFL and the CIO merge ·  Warsaw Pact: USSR and Eastern European allies unite to counter NATO ·  Suez Crisis – Egyptian President nationalizes canal ·  //Howl// – by Allen Ginsberg – bohemianism – Beat Generation ·  Interstate Highway Act - building federal roads; movement into rural area; creation of suburbs ·  Hungarian Revolution – rebel against Communism – US doesn’t support ·  US puts Diem in power in South Vietnam ·  Election 1956: Eisenhower defeats Stevenson again ·   Domino Theory - if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another that one would fall, producing a domino effect. ·  Baby Boom peaks ·  Civil Rights Act- create permanent civil rights commission – supervise voting ·  Little Rock school desegregation ·  Russians launch Sputnik – space race ·  1st nuclear power plant ·  //On the Road// – Jack Kerouac ·  NASA formed ·  Labor Reform Act – protect employees ·  Alaska and Hawaii admitted as states ·
 * 1954: Army – McCarthy hearings – brought down Joseph McCarthy
 * 1955: Montgomery bus boycott begins – Rosa Parks
 * 1956: Election of 1956: Eisenhower re-elected: ended Korean “War” and balanced budget
 * 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine – extends to Truman Doctrine to Middle East – help fight Commies
 * 1958: National Defense Education Act- funding to math, science, and language programs
 * 1959: Cuban Revolution –Castro invades
 * 1960: U-2 incident – US spy plane goes down in USSR – convert operation discovered

K E N N E D Y

1960 1963 || Greensboro sit -in ·  Civil Rights Act – federal government registers black voters ·  Election 1960: Kennedy (Dem) defeats Nixon (Rep) – 1st TV debate ·  National Lieration Front – Viet Cong formed ·  Trade Embargo on Cuba ·  Alliance for Progress - to build up Third World nations to the point where they could manage their own affairs. ·  Berlin wall built to stop crossing ·  Peace Corps – encouraged US citizens to help third world countries ·  Coup regime in Vietnam – Diem assassinated ·  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - an Arab majority - oil trade - joined together to protect themselves. ·  //Baker vs. Carr// – end of gerrymandering – manipulating voting districts ·  //Engel v. Vitale -// prayer in public schools were banned on violation the First Amendment. ·  //Silent Spring// Rachel Carson – on pollution ·  Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - condemned anti-Democratic tendencies of large corporations, racism and poverty J O H N S O N 1963 1968
 * 1961: Bay of Pigs: attempt to overthrow Castro – fails
 * 1962:Cuban Missle Crisis – USSR sends missiles to Cuba – US removes missiles from Turkey and USSR from Cuba.

> 1963: Kennedy assassinated by Oswald – Johnson becomes President ·  Test Ban Treaty – no testing in atmosphere or ocean – US, USSR, Br   ·   March on Washington: Martin Luther King Jr. //I have a Dream Speech// ·  //The Feminine Mystique//, Betty Ferdan ·  US enters Vietnam War - Tonkin Gulf – 1 bullet fired at US ship causes war: ·  Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - Johnson can police Vietnam ·  War Powers Act – restrained president’s ability to commit troops overseas ·  Economic Opportunity Act: Job Core for youth training; Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA); Office of Economic Opportunity – establish Equal Opportunity Laws ·  Civil Rights Act: public accommodations could not be segregated and that nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race. ·  Tax reduction ·  Great Society- Platform for LBJ's campaign, it stressed the 5 P's: Peace, Prosperity, anti-Poverty, Prudence and Progress. ·  Higher Education Act – Federal Scholarships ·  Ralph Nadar's //Unsafe at any Speed// -criticized poor construction and design of automobiles ·  Watts, Detroit race riots - army sent in   ·   Voting Rights Act - it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before. ·  Department of Transportation created ·  National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act – promote car safety requirements ·  //Miranda vs. Arizona// –the accused must be read his/her rights ·  National Organization for Women (NOW) - advocate equal rights
 * 1964: 24th Amendment – outlaws poll tax
 * 1965: Medicare and Medicaid – aid to elderly
 * 1966: Department of Housing and Urban Development established
 * 1967:25th Amendment – Allowed VP who becomes Pres. to pick a new VP

N I X O N

1968 1974 > 1968: Election of 1968 – RFK shot; Nixon elected ·  Nixon's "New Federalism" - returning power to the states ·  Vietnamization begins – war extends ·  TET – Viet Cong attacks during Vietnamese holiday ·  War extended to Laos and Cambodia ·  Civil Rights Act - attempted to provide Blacks with equal-opportunity housing. ·  Nixon Doctrine – reducing number of troops abroad by helping nations economically and militarily ·  Armstrong walks on the moon ·  Warren E. Burger appointed - a conservative to fill Earl Warren's liberal spot.] ·  U.S. bombed North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia and Laos. Technically illegal because Cambodia and Laos were neutral ·  Desegregation – kids bused into black/white schools ·  New Economic Policy: wage and price controls to curb inflation ·  Nixon visits Red China and Russia: eases tensions ·  SALT1: Nuclear arms limitation agreement ·  Watergate Scandal begins: burglarizing and wiretapping the national headquarters of the Democratic Party - investigation headed by Baker ·  Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) - proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes ·  Treaty of Paris: Ends Vietnam – troops withdrawn **–** Vietnam temp. divided again ·  //Gideon vs. Wainwright// - court decided that state and local courts must provide counsel for defendants in felony cases ·   F O R D 1974 1976 || //Roe vs. Wade// - restricting abortion is unconstitutional. * 1974: Nixon resigns ·  Ford pardons Nixon ·  Vietnam becomes Communistic ·  Kaher roge – ruthless regime established in Cambodia ·  South Vietnam becomes Communist C A R T E R 1976 1980 > 1976: Election of 1975: Carter defeats Ford ·  Fuel shortage ·  Camp David Accords: Peace between Israel and Egypt ·  Shah expelled from Iran: American embassy taken hostage: Carter’s rescue mission fails ·  SALT II - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with Russia - removed after Russia attacked Afghanistan ·  Three Mile Island - power plant failure emits radiation in Pennsylvania R E A G A N 1980 1988 || "supply-side" and "trickle-down" economics ·  Iran hostages released ·  Olympic Boycott - The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ·  Assassination attempt on Reagan ·  Economic Recovery Tax Bill: ·  Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman Supreme Court justice ·  American peacekeeping force in Lebanon attacked by terrorists - 241 dead ||
 * 1969: Vietnamization begins – slow withdrawal of troops from Vietnam
 * 1970: Kent State – Protest war – troops sent in – 4 die
 * 1971: //Reed vs. Reed// – outlawed sexual discrimination
 * 1972: Election of 1972: Nixon re-elected defeating McGovern in largest landslide victory
 * 1973: VP Agnue resigns: Ford replaces him
 * 1975: US ship //Mayaquez// attacked by Cambodia - crew rescued
 * 1977:US gives up rights to Panama Canal in 1999
 * 1978: China and US agree to establish diplomatic relations
 * 1979: Create Department of Energy and Department of Education
 * 1980: Election of 1980: Reagan wins with his “Reaganomics” program of reducing taxes and spending -
 * 1981: Air Traffic Controllers Stike
 * 1983: Military invasion of Grenada (Caribbean island) to stop Communism
 * 1984: Taxes increase
 * 1986: US bombs terrorist targets in Libya
 * 1988: Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) limiting intermediate-range nuclear missiles with Russia