Personalized+study+guide!!+carley.

Making a Nation – 1788-1810 I. Constitutional Convention – 55 delegates meet in Philadelphia – Washington – Presid. A. Virginia Plan – large state plan – representation based on population B. New Jersey Plan – small state plan – every state receives equal rep 1. Great Compromise – House + Senate 2. Slaves = 3/5 of the population for House rep counting purposes C. Bill of Rights – citizens rights to prevent oppressive gov’t - 1791 D. Hesitancy to ratify – Anti-Federalists believe states should have more power – Federalists believe strong executive necessary 1. Federalist Papers convince New York/Virginia – Rhode Island last II. Finalizing the Executive A. Judiciary Act – 1789 – created Supreme Court, federal and district courts B. Hamilton’s Plan – if gov’t benefits wealthy, they’ll invest in gov’t a. Assume all debt of states – Virginia already paid off debt – get D.C.   b.  Debt good – more people owed, more have stake in success of gov’t c. Tariff taxes + duties on whiskey d. National Bank – Jefferson wanted states to control $, Hamilton wins i.  First National Bank – 1791-1811 – Philadelphia C. Whiskey Rebellion – proves executive tough – sent in thousands to put down D. Alien and Sedition Acts – Adams oversteps power of president – punishes Democratic Republicans – Alien – 5-14 years, jail/Sedition – jail for libel a. Virginia/Kentucky Resolutions – states can ignore bad laws – sets states/federal gov’t conflict E. Strengthening Supreme Court – Marbury vs. Madison a. Supreme Court can say laws are unconstitutional – gives power IV. Foreign Policy A. Barbary Pirates 1. Been paying bribes to Tripoli, African Barbary pirates to not steal stuff 2. sent Navy to Tripoli to fight pirates – finally got peace treaty – America values Navy B. Lousiana Purchase – wanted New Orleans, got all of Louisiana Territory 1. Napoleon couldn’t have American empire – lost in Haiti – Toussant L’Ouverture 2. Doubled size, 3 cents per acre 3. Created Constitutional Conflict – loose/strict interpretation a. Says nowhere in Constitution about buying land – Jefferson hypocrite? 4. Lewis and Clark explore – sets off wave off Westward movement 5. Increases nationalism – pride for U.S.  6. Federal gov’t power now shifting West – away from New England/Virg C. Monroe Doctrine – follows Washington’s Farewell 1. US stay out of Europe, Europe stays out of Americas – our sphere of influence V. American System – Henry Clay’s idea federal gov’t pays for roads, canals, business A. Protects American business through high tariffs – 25% - buy US goods vs. better/cheaper European goods VI. Avoiding conflict – Missouri Compromise – draws slave line – keeps slavery in U.S. War of 1812 I. Causes Foreign– France and England attacking American merchant ships/impressment A. French Revolution turns violent – Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans favor B. Washington stays out – Neutrality Proclamation 1793 – U.S. just beginning C. Jay’s Treaty – Britain won’t attack in future, but won’t pay for past attacks D. Washington’s Farewell Address – stay out of foreign alliances – policy for next 100 years E. Adams next president – XYZ Affair – American ambassadors not bribed F. Jefferson deals with France a. Embargo Act – don’t trade with anyone – totally fails/destroys econ. b. Nonintercourse Act – Trade w/ everyone but Britain/France c. Macon’s Bill No. 2 – Madison – trade again w/BritainFrance if…

II. Causes Domestic A. British forts along frontier B. Helping Native Americans fight colonists moving west a. Wipe out Canada – Indians will have no home base/British support b. Tecumseh tries to unite Indians – big battle lost at Tippecanoe

III. Federalists opposed to war A. Take Canada – a ton more farmers to join Democratic Republicans B. Hurting trade C. Supported Britain D. Later have Hartford Convention and threaten to have New England break away a. Signals end of Federalist Party – bad idea to talk of new country during wartime

IV. Importance A. Peace Treaty changes nothing – status quo ante bellum – same as before B. Gives war hero – Andrew Jackson C. Gives national song – Star Spangled Banner D. Unites Americans against common enemy E. American beginnings of strong navy – USS Constitution – Old Ironsides

**Jacksonian Democracy**

I. Definitions A. Series of reforms – altering federal government and bringing vote to people B. Andrew Jackson and Democratic Party running country C. Contradiction – period of slavery and horrible treatment of Native Americans – Jackson also develops “monarchical” attributes D. Attractive candidate - Andrew Jackson attractive – war hero, man’s man, self-made wealth, westerner – “old hickory” “man of the people”

II. Causes – economic shift + no longer belief that aristocracy of old should rule all A. Causes by economic and social changes - shift in power a. Transportation + immigration takes power from plantation aristocracy and New England elite b. Cotton increase power of Southern economy c. Westward movement – taking of Native American/Hispanic land B. Non large property holding whites get worried a. Immigrants, nonslaveholding Southerners, westerners nervous that they will be abused by growing capitalists C. Who should rule? Old aristocracy/new wealthy/majority of other whites D. During Era of Good Feelings – Supreme Court and Federal government choices looked like power was moving toward an elite few in fed. gov’t

III. Reforms – radical shift to create equality for all white men - take power from moneyed elite and ignore class -meritocracy A. Political – voters, campaigns, election process 1. End state property requirements for voting 2. Electors chosen by people not state legislatures 3. Changed elections – buttons, kissing babies, parades, bbqs, free drinks, smear campaign – Jackson marriage illegal – wife died soon after 4. Spoils system – give gov’t jobs to people who helped get elected i. “Kitchen cabinet” – old friends 5. Increased power of executive – ignored Supreme Court, vetoed laws B. Economic changes – men should be economically independent 1. Southerners want low tariffs and more states rights a. Jackson makes high tariffs first to increase national economy – lowers during second term 2. Westerners want cheaper land + relief from debt collectors and banks a. Veted Second National Bank – supported “pet banks” in states 3. Interstate roads good – roads within states not good

V. Opposition – for nonwhites a total disaster A. Wealthy planters feared him – federal government getting too much power a. Threaten nullification of tariffs – secession B. Whigs – named for anti-king movement of Revolutionary War – King Andrew C. Racial treatment - Western movement assumed Hispanics and Native Americans inferior races – “manifest destiny” policy pushed a. Trail of Tears – even Europeanized Cherokees kicked out D. Allowed slavery to continue – white supremacy a. Fought abolitionists – allowed gag rule on slavery in Congress E. Propagandists – supported wealthy but said they acted for commoners

Creating an American Culture – 1790-1860

I. Religion – by 1850 ¾ claim to be religious, but not most far from Puritan form A. Deism – God is great clockmaker – founding fathers B. Unitarianism – God is loving creator, father figure, people control destiny C. Second Great Awakening – attempt to return to conservative religious practice 1. Effects – more converted, some churches destroyed, others created a. Methodists/Baptists – poor attracted/non-traditional 2. Camp Meetings – traveling preachers, thousands gather, get “saved” D. Mormon – Joseph Smith – organized, group dynamic – new message from God 1. Feared by neighbors – voted as unit, polygamy, n ot individualistic 2. Brigham Young moved to Utah – MO and Ohio kicked out

II. Education Reform – creation of public schools/state sponsored universities A. Before – public schools seen as for poor only – convinced that education benefits society B. Little Red Schoolhouse – not effective, multiple grades one room, poorly trained teachers C. Horace Mann – longer school term, better teacher training/pay D. Universities start for women + state supported universities E. Create common school texts to be shared across nation – Webster’s Speller

III. Reform Movements – inspired by Great Awakening – on earth you should try to combat evil A. Women – considered keeper’s of nation’s morals – led movement a. Gained more power – especially on frontier – supply and demand B. Some say those involved for self-centered reasons – they get to create society to benefit self C. Temperance – excess drinking affecting labor, family, crime, and rowdy social occasions a. Choices – temperance (moderate use) or legislation i. Women’s usage actually decreases D. Jails – not just punishment but help “penitentiaries” (penance) or “correctional facilities” E. Mentally ill – Dorothea Dix – better treatment living conditions at mental hospitals

IV. Transcendentalists – avoid conformity, get to know nature, think about world, Civil Disobedience

V. Literature – Begins to be dark – looks at faults of human soul – Edgar Allen Poe

VI. Utopian Movements – design perfect societies where everyone works together A. Over 40 attempted – failed – uncommon sexual practices + lazy people a. People end up desiring independence and market economy/free enterprise B. Oneida – free love, male birth control C. Shakers – religious group, eugenic selection of parents

VII. Alexis de Tocqueville – What then is this American? A. America successful because based on meritocracy not birth

Industrialization and Corporate Consolidation I. Industrial Growth in America - Reasons A. Natural Resources – coal, oil, iron B. Immigration – steady flow both Asia and Europe C. Capitalist mentality supported by laissez faire government D. Ingenuity – 440,000 patents in 1800s – inventions – Edison’s invention factory B. Railroads – 1865 – 35,000 Miles > 1900 – 200,000 miles A. Land claiming – railroad companies given land claims – size of Texas B. Success of town based on railroad stop – no railroad > “ghost town” C. Transcontinental – Leland Stanford Union Pacific meets Central Pacific D. Corruption – money from government not used appropriately – Credit Mobilier 1. Abuse of Chinese, other immigrant labor 2. Faulty tracks just to make a dime E. Improvements – steel – safer/stronger – standardized size – standardized time F. “Stock watering” – make stock in railroads look better than it is – bribed judges D. Steel – Andrew Carnegie – monopolized then gave away $450 million by death A. America producing 1/3 of world’s steel thanks to Bessemer Process B. Carnegie - $1.4 billion more than US worth in 1800 E. Oil – Rockefeller – kerosene first pushed – then automobile A. Consolidation – own supply and distribution 1. 95% of oil refineries 2. Rockefeller – uses illegal rebates and spies to control industry II. Laissez Faire Conservatism – government policy in late 19th century > industry controls gov’t A. Gospel of Wealth – Lord gave money to wealthy class – must be morally responsible B. Social Darwinism – wealthy deserve it – inherently better 1. Poor by own shortcomings – “Acres of Diamonds” – poor deserve it III. Effects on worker – Business becomes depersonalized – feel like merely a cog in a machine – hurts creativity A. Free enterprise/farming replaced by corporation B. Factory controls life – whistle and artificial discipline – become subservient C. Gibson Girl – advertising campaign encourages women to work in offices D. 2/3 dependent on wage – unemployment not based on effort, but larger economic issues VI. Union Movement A. Manual laborers vulnerable – employers can always bring in cheaper immigrant labor B. Machines displace workers C. Corporations make labor organization impossible 1. Control legal process – best lawyers, politicians corrupt 2. employs “scabs”/strike breakers – Gould “I can hire one half to kill the other half 3. Force workers to take ironclad oath – won’t join a union 4. Create company town – employees in debt to company stores D. Knights of Labor – replaced National Labor Union – began as a secret society 1. Open to everyone – regardless of gender/race 2. Overzealous – talked about social reform/changing society – goals to unrealistic E. Haymarket Square – Chicago – dynamite injures cops – anarchists linked to unions 1. Leads to massive riot – destroys reputation of Knights of Labor F. American Federation of Labor – Samuel Gompers – “bread and butter” unionism 1. More realistic – wages, hours, working conditions 2. Used walkout and boycott to get way 3. by 1900 view of labor starts to change – not seen as chaos starters VII. Industrialization Judgement – were capitalists “Captains of Industry” or “Robber Barons” A. Class tension never as big a deal in America as in Europe B. Creates belief in upward mobility C. But…destroyed traditional farmer’s values/spiritual lives for capitalism D. Two classes resulted – owners of labor class and the labor class

The Gilded Age A. Cities – offer jobs, entertainment, plumbing, electricity, phones, department stores, architecture 1. Immigration – antiforeignism – Nativistist Movement – Know-Nothing Party A. Pre 1880 – immigrants came from Germany, British Isles – high literacy B. Post 1880 – New Immigrant – Mediterranean, Slavic – poor literacy, arrive impoverished C. Reasons for leaving – population explosion, persecution, exaggerated letters – streets paved with gold 2. City Problems – waste disposal of packaged products, sewage A. Criminals, sanitoriums – homeless roaming the streets B. Slums – dumbbell tenement – one toilet, poor ventilation, disease spreads – easy to build 3. Machine Politics – Boss System – a political machine “machine politics” controls who gets elected A. Boss Tweed – help immigrants in exchange for votes – government leaders then have to give them kick-backs/money from government projects B. Provides services/infrastructure for cities, but above the law – controls judges/politicians B. Politics – existed for benefit of interest groups – conservative leaders who want to avoid conflict 1. Conservative Presidencies – 1876-1992 – “Forgettable Presidents” – laissez faire policies A. “Rutherfraud” B. Hayes – ended Reconstruction in exchange for votes – election 1876 B. Garfield – Killed by civil servant – eventually led to civil service reform – who gets what background jobs C. Chester Arthur – elected due to strong boss system of New York 2. Tariff Controversy - $145 million budget surplus per year due to high tariffs A. Solution – 1) pork-barrel bills or 2) lower tariffs – politicians and industry both interested 3. Railroad regulation – hesitant to intervene – building industry – American Dream A. Wabash Case – 1886 – states can’t regulate interstate railroads B. Interstate Commerce Act – creates Interstate Commerce Commission – supposed to regulate commerce, but hard to enforce – at least it’s a step to regulate monopolies 4. Trusts – competition hurts prices so companies unite to control prices/earnings – hurts customer A. Veritical Integration – control all areas of production – oil from ground to gas station B. Horizontal Integration – competitive companies from same industry form a trust C. Agrarian Discontent - Land not as productive – grasshoppers, overused soil, droughts 1. Land easy to tax – other industries can had profits/parts of company 2. Trusts – barbed wire, fertilizer, harvester trusts push prices too high – hurts farmers 3. Railroads control price of transportation 4. ½ population farmers, but can’t organize – consolidation not part of American independence ethos 5. Rising expenses plus lower prices for goods = can’t pay back debts – want free silver D. Crisis of 1890s – common man fights back – tired of being abused 1. Populism – People’s Party (Populists) came from Farmer’s Alliance – big gains in 1892 election A. Free coinage silver – 16 to 1 ration B. Graduated income tax based on wealth C. Government ownership of utilities – railroad, telephone, telegraph – think Monopoly D. Direct election of Senators/ One term presidents E. Initiatives and Referundums for civilians to control municipal issues F. Shorter workday G. Immigration Restriction H. Solicited black vote – black participation only increased anti-voting laws in South E. Election 1892 – free silver, William Jennings Bryan –Messiah- Democrat – Cross of Gold – great speaker 1. Populists have no party since Bryan’s silver views are theirs 2. Republicans create massive war chest from all industrialists/bankers who fear free silver 3. Millions show up to vote 4. Shift in politics – next 30 years, people become apathetic politically, Republicans dominate 5. Third Phase of Party System eras…