Personalized+Study+Guide..+abbyyy!

Making a Nation – 1788-1810 I. Constitutional Convention – 55 delegates meet in Philadelphia – Washington – Presid. A. Virginia Plan – large state plan – representation based on population B. New Jersey Plan – small state plan – every state receives equal rep 1. Great Compromise – House + Senate 2. Slaves = 3/5 of the population for House rep counting purposes C. Bill of Rights – citizens rights to prevent oppressive gov’t - 1791 D. Hesitancy to ratify – Anti-Federalists believe states should have more power – Federalists believe strong executive necessary 1. Federalist Papers convince New York/Virginia – Rhode Island last II. Finalizing the Executive A. Judiciary Act – 1789 – created Supreme Court, federal and district courts B. Hamilton’s Plan – if gov’t benefits wealthy, they’ll invest in gov’t a. Assume all debt of states – Virginia already paid off debt – get D.C.   b.  Debt good – more people owed, more have stake in success of gov’t c. Tariff taxes + duties on whiskey d. National Bank – Jefferson wanted states to control $, Hamilton wins i.  First National Bank – 1791-1811 – Philadelphia C. Whiskey Rebellion – proves executive tough – sent in thousands to put down D. Alien and Sedition Acts – Adams oversteps power of president – punishes Democratic Republicans – Alien – 5-14 years, jail/Sedition – jail for libel a. Virginia/Kentucky Resolutions – states can ignore bad laws – sets states/federal gov’t conflict E. Strengthening Supreme Court – Marbury vs. Madison a. Supreme Court can say laws are unconstitutional – gives power IV. Foreign Policy A. Barbary Pirates 1. Been paying bribes to Tripoli, African Barbary pirates to not steal stuff 2. sent Navy to Tripoli to fight pirates – finally got peace treaty – America values Navy B. Lousiana Purchase – wanted New Orleans, got all of Louisiana Territory 1. Napoleon couldn’t have American empire – lost in Haiti – Toussant L’Ouverture 2. Doubled size, 3 cents per acre 3. Created Constitutional Conflict – loose/strict interpretation a. Says nowhere in Constitution about buying land – Jefferson hypocrite? 4. Lewis and Clark explore – sets off wave off Westward movement 5. Increases nationalism – pride for U.S.  6. Federal gov’t power now shifting West – away from New England/Virg C. Monroe Doctrine – follows Washington’s Farewell 1. US stay out of Europe, Europe stays out of Americas – our sphere of influence V. American System – Henry Clay’s idea federal gov’t pays for roads, canals, business A. Protects American business through high tariffs – 25% - buy US goods vs. better/cheaper European goods VI. Avoiding conflict – Missouri Compromise – draws slave line – keeps slavery in U.S.

Making a Nation – 1788-1810 I. Causes Foreign– France and England attacking American merchant ships/impressment A. French Revolution turns violent – Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans favor B. Washington stays out – Neutrality Proclamation 1793 – U.S. just beginning C. Jay’s Treaty – Britain won’t attack in future, but won’t pay for past attacks D. Washington’s Farewell Address – stay out of foreign alliances – policy for next 100 years E. Adams next president – XYZ Affair – American ambassadors not bribed F. Jefferson deals with France a. Embargo Act – don’t trade with anyone – totally fails/destroys econ. b. Nonintercourse Act – Trade w/ everyone but Britain/France c. Macon’s Bill No. 2 – Madison – trade again w/BritainFrance if…

II. Causes Domestic A. British forts along frontier B. Helping Native Americans fight colonists moving west a. Wipe out Canada – Indians will have no home base/British support b. Tecumseh tries to unite Indians – big battle lost at Tippecanoe

III. Federalists opposed to war A. Take Canada – a ton more farmers to join Democratic Republicans B. Hurting trade C. Supported Britain D. Later have Hartford Convention and threaten to have New England break away a. Signals end of Federalist Party – bad idea to talk of new country during wartime

IV. Importance A. Peace Treaty changes nothing – status quo ante bellum – same as before B. Gives war hero – Andrew Jackson C. Gives national song – Star Spangled Banner D. Unites Americans against common enemy E. American beginnings of strong navy – USS Constitution – Old Ironsides **Jacksonian Democracy**

I. Definitions A. Series of reforms – altering federal government and bringing vote to people B. Andrew Jackson and Democratic Party running country C. Contradiction – period of slavery and horrible treatment of Native Americans – Jackson also develops “monarchical” attributes D. Attractive candidate - Andrew Jackson attractive – war hero, man’s man, self-made wealth, westerner – “old hickory” “man of the people”

II. Causes – economic shift + no longer belief that aristocracy of old should rule all A. Causes by economic and social changes - shift in power a. Transportation + immigration takes power from plantation aristocracy and New England elite b. Cotton increase power of Southern economy c. Westward movement – taking of Native American/Hispanic land B. Non large property holding whites get worried a. Immigrants, nonslaveholding Southerners, westerners nervous that they will be abused by growing capitalists C. Who should rule? Old aristocracy/new wealthy/majority of other whites D. During Era of Good Feelings – Supreme Court and Federal government choices looked like power was moving toward an elite few in fed. gov’t

III. Reforms – radical shift to create equality for all white men - take power from moneyed elite and ignore class -meritocracy A. Political – voters, campaigns, election process 1. End state property requirements for voting 2. Electors chosen by people not state legislatures 3. Changed elections – buttons, kissing babies, parades, bbqs, free drinks, smear campaign – Jackson marriage illegal – wife died soon after 4. Spoils system – give gov’t jobs to people who helped get elected i. “Kitchen cabinet” – old friends 5. Increased power of executive – ignored Supreme Court, vetoed laws B. Economic changes – men should be economically independent 1. Southerners want low tariffs and more states rights a. Jackson makes high tariffs first to increase national economy – lowers during second term 2. Westerners want cheaper land + relief from debt collectors and banks a. Veted Second National Bank – supported “pet banks” in states 3. Interstate roads good – roads within states not good

V. Opposition – for nonwhites a total disaster A. Wealthy planters feared him – federal government getting too much power a. Threaten nullification of tariffs – secession B. Whigs – named for anti-king movement of Revolutionary War – King Andrew C. Racial treatment - Western movement assumed Hispanics and Native Americans inferior races – “manifest destiny” policy pushed a. Trail of Tears – even Europeanized Cherokees kicked out D. Allowed slavery to continue – white supremacy a. Fought abolitionists – allowed gag rule on slavery in Congress E. Propagandists – supported wealthy but said they acted for commoners Sectionalism 1820-1860

The South – low immigration, huge income disparity, replicated Medieval Europe A. Cotton Kingdom – 1788 – South dying, overworked land, unmarketable products a. Slavery increased – Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin i. Increased labor also improved Northern shipping industry b. ½ cotton in world from the South, England 75% from South i. England economy depended on Southern cotton B. Planter Aristocracy – “cottonocracy” – oligarchy – few control many a. Biggest planters controlled social, political, economic life b. Received finest education – statesmen who served public i. Public education suffers c. Women bought into system – controlled households C. Poor whites – accepted system, dream of moving up, needed racial superiority D. Scotch Irish – Appalachian Mountains – “white trash” – civilization ignored E. Nature of Slavery a. One 20th century view – slavery ending, owners paternalistic, blacks naturally inferior – need to be taken care of 1.  Not true – economically still expanding, not dying 2. 1954 //Slavery// compares to concentration camps 3. Paternalistic – selfish method just to get more labor 4. Slaves fake “Sambo” laziness as method of coping/rebel b. Black women must balance as white caregiver, laborer, family anchor

The North – industry, manufacturing, heavy immigration – urbanized A. Immigration – 95% came to the North a. Irish – NY/Boston – low skilled labor – left due to potato famine b. German – left due to crop failures, democracy failure of 1848 revolution 1. Midwest – contributed - gave US literature, kindergarten, Xmas tree

The West – young attracted, adventurous opportunities – life actually sucks A. Gradually destroyed land – overworked, just moved on – pushed out Indians, animals B. Frontier – belief that you can always start out fresh out West C. More equality for women, supply and demand, they can leave if not treated properly D. Squatters – simply move to land, build house, claim property – hard to kick off