AP+Exam+Review

I. Prehistory A. Bering Land Bridge B. Hundreds of independent tribes C. Civilizations – Mayans – Central, Incas – South, Aztecs – Mexico D. Mount Builders – Ohio II. Early Discoverers A. Vikings – Leif Ericsson – Greenland – Northern Canada – 1000 AD   B.  Italian Christopher Columbus – for Spain – 1492 - Guanahani III. Spanish/Portugese Exploration A. Reasons for exploring a. Wealthy nations – gold based b. Renaissance – optimism/humanism – we can do anything c. Trade routes d. Printing press – ideas spread e. Mariner’s compass – exploration possible B. Spain – peace w/ Isabella and Ferdinand uniting plus no Moors/Muslims a. Conquistadores – Spanish – gold/glory – fighting tradition C. Portugal a. Looking water route to Asia – brought slavery from Africa D. Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494 – Pope divides New World a. Brazil to Portugal – Rest to Spain IV. Explorers – conquest – weapons + disease + use rival tribes A. Ponce de Leon – fountain of youth B. Pizarro – defeated Incas C. Cortez – defeated Aztecs/Montezuma V. Spanish A. Encomienda System – Spaniard gets land and all inhabitants become laborers B. Missions – Junipero Serra – San Diego + 21 missions a. Spread religion – centers of trade/education b. “Black Legend” – missionaries kill Indians – disease kind of true VI. Exchange of goods A. Improved diet of Europeans – corn, tobacco, tomato, avocado – balanced B. Cattle, horses, germs to New World I. Causes Foreign– France and England attacking American merchant ships/impressment A. French Revolution turns violent – Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans favor B. Washington stays out – Neutrality Proclamation 1793 – U.S. just beginning C. Jay’s Treaty – Britain won’t attack in future, but won’t pay for past attacks D. Washington’s Farewell Address – stay out of foreign alliances – policy for next 100 years E. Adams next president – XYZ Affair – American ambassadors not bribed F. Jefferson deals with France a. Embargo Act – don’t trade with anyone – totally fails/destroys econ. b. Nonintercourse Act – Trade w/ everyone but Britain/France c. Macon’s Bill No. 2 – Madison – trade again w/BritainFrance if…

II. Causes Domestic A. British forts along frontier B. Helping Native Americans fight colonists moving west a. Wipe out Canada – Indians will have no home base/British support b. Tecumseh tries to unite Indians – big battle lost at Tippecanoe

III. Federalists opposed to war A. Take Canada – a ton more farmers to join Democratic Republicans B. Hurting trade C. Supported Britain D. Later have Hartford Convention and threaten to have New England break away a. Signals end of Federalist Party – bad idea to talk of new country during wartime

IV. Importance A. Peace Treaty changes nothing – status quo ante bellum – same as before B. Gives war hero – Andrew Jackson C. Gives national song – Star Spangled Banner D. Unites Americans against common enemy E. American beginnings of strong navy – USS Constitution – Old Ironsides The South – low immigration, huge income disparity, replicated Medieval Europe A. Cotton Kingdom – 1788 – South dying, overworked land, unmarketable products a. Slavery increased – Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin i. Increased labor also improved Northern shipping industry b. ½ cotton in world from the South, England 75% from South i. England economy depended on Southern cotton B. Planter Aristocracy – “cottonocracy” – oligarchy – few control many a. Biggest planters controlled social, political, economic life b. Received finest education – statesmen who served public i. Public education suffers c. Women bought into system – controlled households C. Poor whites – accepted system, dream of moving up, needed racial superiority D. Scotch Irish – Appalachian Mountains – “white trash” – civilization ignored E. Nature of Slavery a. One 20th century view – slavery ending, owners paternalistic, blacks naturally inferior – need to be taken care of 1.  Not true – economically still expanding, not dying 2. 1954 //Slavery// compares to concentration camps 3. Paternalistic – selfish method just to get more labor 4. Slaves fake “Sambo” laziness as method of coping/rebel b. Black women must balance as white caregiver, laborer, family anchor

The North – industry, manufacturing, heavy immigration – urbanized A. Immigration – 95% came to the North a. Irish – NY/Boston – low skilled labor – left due to potato famine b. German – left due to crop failures, democracy failure of 1848 revolution 1. Midwest – contributed - gave US literature, kindergarten, Xmas tree

The West – young attracted, adventurous opportunities – life actually sucks A. Gradually destroyed land – overworked, just moved on – pushed out Indians, animals B. Frontier – belief that you can always start out fresh out West C. More equality for women, supply and demand, they can leave if not treated properly Squatters – simply move to land, build house, claim property – hard to kick off I. Definition – the middle class feels those above are abusing the system and those below are becoming a Socialist threat – must have government become an “agency of human welfare” II. Progressive Roots A. Jane Addams – Hull House – starts Settlement House movement 1. Neighborhood activities, counseling, childcare, education for the poor B. Protestant Clergymen – “Social Gospel” – “Christian Socialists” – God says must help society C. Greenback Labor Party 1870s and Populists 1890s – demanded social help D. Nation becoming frustrated with monopolies E. Prided individualism to justify inaction no longer makes sense in machine age F. //How the Other Half Lives// – Jacob Riis – shows life of poor III. Muckrakers – publishers make money off exposing ills of society – term given by Teddy Roosevelt A. Magazines – McClures, Cosmopolitan, Colliers 1. Lincoln Steffens – //Shame of the Cities// – business and cities have corrupt alliance 2. Ida Tarbell – //Standard Oil Company// – how monopolistic practices destroy small companies IV. Municipal, State, National Reform – how to solve problem that elected officials who make laws are corrupt A. Initiative – propose laws, Referendum – people vote on laws, Recall – chance to remove bad officials B. Laws to limit election, political gifts C. Direct election of Senators to avoid “Millionaire’s Club” D. Public commissioner and city manager – outside position to regulate how city is being run E. Stop monopolies at city level – stop selling of streetcars and utilities to private companies V. Social Problems A. Try to stop prostitution – force police to enforce laws B. Safety, sanitation and child labor laws 1. Prompted by Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911 – women trapped in factory and die C. Temperance/Prohibition of Alcohol – some states and counties passing “dry laws” 1. Alcohol blamed for crime, unemployment, prostitution, wasting of wages, hurts family D. Women’s Suffrage – western states pass first – Suffragettes still seen as women who want to be men E. Blacks – WEB Dubois demands immediate equality – NAACP pushes for laws 1. Booker T. Washington work with system – get educated in manual labor 2. Marcus Garvey – preaches black solidarity – “back to Africa” movement – black pride VI. Progressive Presidents A. Theodore Roosevelt – a “Square Deal” for all Americans – 3 C’s 1. Control of Corporations – sides with strikers in 1902 coal strike – a first a. Trustbuster – 1st railroad then others – brings 44 indictments – goes to Supreme Court 2. Consumer Protection – after Upton Sinclair’s – //The Jungle// - Meat Inspection Act a. Pure, Food and Drug Act – can’t change or alter goods or labels on goods 3. Conservation of Natural Resources – saves America’s forests a. Newlands Act – sell land and with money pay for irrigation b. Saved 125 million acres of forest – actually implemented National Parks law c. More efficiently balanced corporate interests with those of nature – Sierra Club 4. Set precedents – social reform, used publicity to increase presidential power B. Taft – bigger trustbuster than Roosevelt – 90 indictments vs. 44 1. Ballinger-Pinchot controversy – Ballinger selling public land, Pinchot complains then fired 2. Payne-Aldrich Tariff – actually signs bill that increases tariffs on most items – angers support C. Wilson’s New Freedom – assault on “the triple wall of privilege” – tariff, banks, trust 1. Tariffs – Underwood Tariff Bill – pressured reps. to pass, graduated income tax revenue 2. Banking – Federal Reserve Act 1913 – 12 regional banks run by gov’t - $ now easily increased 3. Anti-Trust Act of 1914 – Clayton Anti-Trust Act – allows for labor protests – tries to control sneaky tricks of trusts – one man runs 4-5 different companies – controls costs